Washington (Caasimada Online) – Bankiga Adduunka ayaa wuxuu saadaasha kobaca dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya sanadkan 2023-ka ku sheegay in uu ku yimid hoos-u-dhac gaaraya ilaa 2.8 boqolkiiba, marka loo eego xagaagii hore oo uu ahaa 3.6 boqolkiiba. Bankiga ayaa waxa uu caddeeyay in dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya uu wali u nugul yahay ku tiirsanaanta xad dhaafka ah ee ganacsiga iyo maalgelinta dibadda, kala duwanaanshaha dhaqaalaha oo xadidan, iyo u nuglaanta masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah. Dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya ayaa, sidda ku cad warbixinta, waxaa la saadaalinayaa inuu kor u kaco bartamaha sanadkan iyadoo la filayo inuu si tartiib tartiib ah u kordho 3.7 boqolkiiba iyo 3.9 boqolkiiba 2024 iyo 2025, siday u kala horreeyaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo kabashada ayaa lagu waddaa in ay adkaato sababo ku aadan abaarta, khalkhalka sahayda badarka ee Ukraine, iyo masiibada caalamiga ah ee isbedelka caalamka, Soomaaliya ayaa wali ku jirta dariiqa dib-u-habaynta dhaqaalaha in kasta oo ay jiraan dhibaatooyin kala duwan oo caalami ah iyo kuwo dibadda ka yimid kuwaas oo la odrasayo in ay sii wiiqaan dhaqaalaha dalka. Kobaca dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya ayaa si weyn hoos ugu dhacay 2022 sababo lala xiriiriyay sicir bararka sare u kordhaya ee ka imaanaya dakhliga gudaha iyo baahida dalka wali u qabo kaalmadda dibadeed. Intaas waxaa wehlisa, aaladaha maaliyadeed ee caalamiga ah kuwaas oo badankooda ka imaanaya colaadaha ka qarxay Bariga Dhexe ee u dhaxeeya Xamaas iyo Yahuuda iyo sare u kaca sicir bararka adduunka oo hakiyay isticmaalka iyo maalgashiga gaarka ah. The post Hoos ‘u dhac weyn oo ku yimid’ dhaqaalaha Soomaaliya appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Maagaalada Baladweyne oo ah xarunta gobolka Hiiraan waxaa ay ka mid tahay goobaha ay sida aadka ah u saameeyeen fatahaadaha biyaha dhinacyada kala duwan ee nolosha. Ganacsiga iyo goob lagu hoydo waa labada baahi ee ugu daran inkasta oo ay horay ujireen saameynno kale sida dallaggii oo baaba’ay iyo goobihii adeegga dadweyne oo xirmay sida Isbitaallada, goobaha waxbarasho IWM. Dadka deegaanka ayaa bilaabay in kudhex ganacsadaan, ku dukaameystaan ama xataa dhexseexdaan biyaha, taasi oo ka dhigaysa nolol weji cusub ah oo u bilaabatay. Dadka kuwii inta badan isaga barakacay magalada Baladweyne ayaa deegaansanaya Ceeljaale, halkaas oo dhankooda ay ku sugayaan gargaar kaga yimaada dowladda iyo hey’adda Maareynta Musiibooyinka Qaranka, waxaana gaaray gargaarro aan baahitirin. Magaalada Baladweyne gobolka Hiiraan ayaa ku jirta xaalad adag oo ka dhalatay saameynta fataahaadda wabiga Shabeelle uu ka sameeyay magaalada iyo inta badan gobolka Hiiraan, waxaana sidoo kale magalada ka jira sicirbarar dhanka qutulduruuriga ah. Source: goobjoog.com

Mid kamid ah ardayda Soomaalida ee ku nool dalka Belarus ayaa xog dheeraad ah ka bixiyay xaaladda dhalinyaro Soomaali ah oo isugu jiro rag iyo dumar, kuwaas oo haatan ku dhibaateysay dalalka Ruushka, Belarus iyo Poland. Wiilkan oo la hadlay Idaacadda Kulmiye ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in dadkaas Soomaalida ahi ay waajahayaan xaalad adag, qaarkoodna lagu daray ciidanka Ruushka. “Walaalow meeshaan waxaa ka jira dhibaatooyin badan, gaar ahaan dalalka Ruushka iyo Belarus waxaa jira dhalinyaro badan oo Soomaali ah oo waddankii kasoo cararay oo nolol usoo raadsaday waddamada Yurub, waxaase ka haysta Problem badan, dadka ugu badan waxay ku dhiban yihiin xuduuda Belarus & Poland” ayuu yidhi Ardayga Soomaaliyeed. Sidoo kale wuxuu hadalkiisa raaciyay “Dadkaas Soomaaliyeed waxaa ku jira dumar, carruur iyo dhalinyaro Soomaaliyeed, hadda cisbitaallada Belarus waxaa yaalla dumar Soomaaliyeed oo inta qabowga ka batay lugihii laga jaray, waxaa jira kuw kale oo qaliimo hadda ku jira”. Isaga oo ka warbixinayay dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed ee sida qasabka ah loogu daray ciidamada dalka Ruushka ayaa waxa uu sheegay inay gaadhayaan siddeed qof, kuwaas oo uu tilmaamay in loo wado dhanka dalka Ukraine, si ay uga dagaalamaan halkaasi. “Waxaa jira dhalinyaro siddeed qof ah oo ciidanka Waddanka Ruushka lagu daray oo la rabo inay u dagaalamaan oo Ukraine loo gudbinaayo” ayuu mar kale yidhi ardaygu. Sidoo kale wuxuu hoosta ka xariiqay inay jiraan dhalinyaro kale oo gaadhaysa 60 qof oo ku xidhan caasimada Moscow, iyagana ay suuragal tahay in lagu daro ciidanka Ruushka. “Dhalinyaradaan hadda, haddii aan laga soo gaadhin kuwa xabsiyada ku xidhan sida aan hadda xogta ku haayo xasbiga caasimada Ruushka waxaa ku xidhan 60 dhalinyaro ah oo loo badinayo in ciidankaas lagu daro, haddii aysan soo gaadhin dowladda Soomaaliya” ayuu yidhi. Ugu dambeyn wuxuu ku eedeeyay safaaradda Soomaaliyeed inay ka gaabisay wax u qabashada dadkaas Soomaaliyeed, wuxuuna farriin usoo diray dowladda federaalka oo uu ugu baaqay inay si deg-deg ah ugu soo gurmato dhalinyaradaasi Soomaaliyeed ee dhibaatada waajahaya, kuwaas oo doonayay inay tahriib ku galaan dalalka qaaradda Yurub. Source

Mushaar la’aan ayaa sida wararku caddaynayaan soo food-saartay shaqaalaha dowladda hoose ee degmada Garoowe. Ilo wareedyo lagu kalsoon yahay ayaa noo xaqiijiyay in shaqaalaha kala duwan ee degmada Garoowe aysan wax xuquuq iyo mushaar ah helin bilihii u danbeeyay. “Mushaar la’aanta ka jirta meesha ayaa niyad-jab ku keentay shaqaalaha maadaama aysan garanayn sababta loo siin waayay xuquuqdoodii” sida aan ka xigannay ilo wareedyo madax-bannaan. Wararka ayaa intaas ku daraya in mas’uuliyiinta degmada Garoowe aysan weli caddaynin waxa sababay mushaar la’aanta soo wajahday shaqaalaha dowladda hoose. PUNTLAND POST The post Shaqaalaha dowladda hoose ee degmada Garoowe oo mushaar la’aan ku dhacday appeared first on Puntland Post.

Ciidamada Booliska Somaliland oo howlgallo ka sameeyay gudaha magaalada Hargeysa ayaa ugu dambeyntii gacanta kusoo dhigay koox rag ah oo maalmihii dambe dilal qorsheysan ka gaysanayay caasimada Somaliland. Ciidanka amniga ayaa howlgal kusoo qabtay laba eedeysaney oo loo haysto inay ka dambeeyay dilal si abaabulan loogu gaysanayay darawallada ka shaqeeya Takaasida. Labada eedeysane ayaa waxaa kala magacaabaa Xamse Cabdi Saleebaan oo 23 jir ah iyo Ayaanle Muxumed Xaashi oo isna 22 sano jir ah, waxaana loo haystaa inay dil iyo dhacba u gaysteen Marxuum Maxamuud Xasan Dacar oo ahaa wadaad jir ahaa “Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL ayaa gacanta kusoo dhigay eedeysanayaasha kala ah 1- Xamse Cabdi Saleebaan ina Sahra Cabdi 23jir 2- Ayaanle Muxumed Xaashi ina Faadumo Maxamed 22jir oo ku eedaysan inay 14-11-2023ka Ku dileen marxuum Maxamuud Xasan Dacar ina Qamar Ducaale 46jir Isha Cobosha Masallaha Galbeed kuna dhuftay 9-Mindiyood , kadibna baadhay qaatayna mobile-kiisii , waxaana loo hayaa markhaatiyaal cadcad inay Marxuumka dileen , marxuumka ayaa ahaa darawal ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka dadweynaha ee loo yaqaan (Probox-ta) , waxaanay yidhaahdeen naga kiree , iyagoo markii dambana halkaasi ku dilay Marxuumka alle ha u naxariistee. Dedaal dheer , hawlgallo iyo baadhid badan oo ay sameeyeen Ciidanka Boolisku ayay kusoo qabteen Eedaysanayashaa , waxaanna hadda ku jiraan gacanta Ciidanka Booliska . Dhanka kale eedaysanayaasha ayaa 3-11-2023kii Sacaadadiin horteeda ka kiraystay gaadhi Vitz ah oo uu watay dhibane Mustafe Cali Cabdilaahi kaasi oo ay la tageen Qudbiga Sheekh Cumar agtiisa kadibna ay dhaawacyo u gaystay , sidoo kalana ka qaaday mobile uu sitay , kana tuuray gaadhigii. Waxaanay gaadhigii kaga tageen meel cidla ah inta ay waxii ku jiray kala baxeen. Ciidanka Boolisku waxuu degdeg u horgaynayaa Sharciga eedaysanayaashaasi . Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL waxuu darawallada ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka yaryar ee kala duwan u soo jeedinayaa inay taxadar badan ka muujiyaan dadka ay qaadayaan , waxii ay ka shakiyaana degdeg ula soo wadagaan Ciidanka Booliska . Ciidanka Boolisku waxa uu ugu baaqaayaa cid kasta oo isku dayda khalkhal galinta nabadgalyada iyo waxyeellada shacabka ina uu tallaabo sharciga waafaqsan ka qaadi doono. Ciidanka Boolisku waxa uu shacabka Somaliland guud ahaantood ku amaanayaa kala shaqaynta amniga iyo xogaha ay mar waliba lasoo wadaagaan, waxa uuna ka codsanayaa in ay kor usii qaadaan lashaqeynta Ciidanka Booliska.” Source

Hargeysa (Caasimada Online) – Ciidamada Booliska Somaliland oo howlgallo ka sameeyay gudaha magaalada Hargeysa ayaa ugu dambeyntii gacanta kusoo dhigay koox rag ah oo maalmihii dambe dilal qorsheysan ka gaysanayay caasimada maamulkaasi. Ciidanka amniga ayaa howlgal kusoo qabtay laba eedeysane oo loo haysto inay ka dambeeyeen dilal si abaabulan loogu gaysanayay darawallada ka shaqeeya Takaasida. Labada eedeysane ayaa waxaa kala magacaabaa Xamse Cabdi Saleebaan oo 23 sano jir ah iyo Ayaanle Muxumed Xaashi oo isna ah 22 sano jir, waxaana loo haystaa inay dil iyo dhacba u gaysteen Marxuum Maxamuud Xasan Dacar oo ahaa wadaad 46 sano jir ahaa. “Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL ayaa gacanta kusoo dhigay eedeysanayaasha kala ah 1- Xamse Cabdi Saleebaan ina Sahra Cabdi 23jir 2- Ayaanle Muxumed Xaashi ina Faadumo Maxamed 22jir oo ku eedaysan inay 14-11-2023ka Ku dileen marxuum Maxamuud Xasan Dacar ina Qamar Ducaale 46jir Isha Cobosha Masallaha Galbeed kuna dhuftay 9-Mindiyood , kadibna baadhay qaatayna mobile-kiisii , waxaana loo hayaa markhaatiyaal cadcad inay Marxuumka dileen, marxuumka ayaa ahaa darawal ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka dadweynaha ee loo yaqaan (Probox-ta), waxaanay yidhaahdeen naga kiree , iyagoo markii dambana halkaasi ku dilay Marxuumka alle ha u naxariistee” ayaa lagu yiri warbixin kasoo baxday taliska Booliska Somaliland. Sidoo kale waxaa qoraalka la raaciyay “Dedaal dheer, hawlgallo iyo baadhid badan oo ay sameeyeen Ciidanka Boolisku ayay kusoo qabteen Eedaysanayashaa , waxaanna hadda ku jiraan gacanta Ciidanka Booliska”. Eedeysanayaashan ayaa sidoo kale loo haystaa fal kale oo lagu dhaawacay muwaadin lagu magacaabo Mustafe Cali Cabdilaahi oo isna ah darawal, waxayna u gaysteen dhac. “Dhanka kale eedaysanayaasha ayaa 3-11-2023kii Sacaadadiin horteeda ka kiraystay gaadhi Vitz ah oo uu watay dhibane Mustafe Cali Cabdilaahi kaasi oo ay la tageen Qudbiga Sheekh Cumar agtiisa kadibna ay dhaawacyo u gaystay , sidoo kalana ka qaaday mobile uu sitay , kana tuuray gaadhigii. Waxaanay gaadhigii kaga tageen meel cidla ah inta ay waxii ku jiray kala baxeen. Ciidanka Boolisku waxuu degdeg u horgaynayaa Sharciga eedaysanayaashaasi” ayaa mar kale lagu yiri qoraalka kasoo baxay Taliska Booliska. Ugu dambeyn Somaliland ayaa farriin u dirtay wadayaasha gaadiidka, waxayna ugu baaqday inay feejignaan sameeyaan, iskana fiiriyaan dadka ka kireysanaya baabuurta. “Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL waxuu darawallada ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka yaryar ee kala duwan u soo jeedinayaa inay taxadar badan ka muujiyaan dadka ay qaadayaan , waxii ay ka shakiyaana degdeg ula soo wadagaan Ciidanka Booliska . Ciidanka Boolisku waxa uu ugu baaqaayaa cid kasta oo isku dayda khalkhal galinta nabadgalyada iyo waxyeellada shacabka ina uu tallaabo sharciga waafaqsan ka qaadi doono” ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay. The post Somaliland oo soo qabatay raggii ka dambeeyay dilalkii ka dhacay HARGEYSA appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Wararka ka imaanaya magaalada Boosaaso ayaa xaqiijinaya in halkaasi saaka lagu dilay ganacsade ka soo jeeda degaannada Koonfur Galbeed Soomaaliya. Ganacsade Ibraahim Cabdiraxmaan Cabdi oo kamid ahaa ganacsatada ka soo jeeda Koonfur Galbeed ayaa lagu dilay bartamaha Boosaaso sida laga soo xigtay xubno ka tirsan qoyskiisa. Wararka ayaa sheegaya in marxuumka la dilay uu kamid ahaa hoggaanka bulshada ka soo jeeda Koonfur Galbeed ee ku sugan magaalada Boosaaso ee xarunta gobolka Bari. Dilka saaka ayaa imaanaya todobaad kadib markii Boosaaso lagu dilay Alle ha u naxariistee Khadar Cabdi Cali oo kamid ahaa dhalinyarada ka soo jeeda dowlad degaanka Soomaalida DDS ee ku nool gobolka Bari. Laamaha Amniga Boosaaso ilaa iyo hadda kama hadlin dilka labada marxuum islamarkaana lama sheegin cid loo soo qabtay dilkooda. PUNTLAND POST The post Ganacsade ka soo jeeda Koonfur Galbeed oo saaka lagu dilay magaalada Boosaaso appeared first on Puntland Post.

Hilibka dameeruhu wuxuu ka mid yahay waxyabaha ay culimada islaamku sheegaan inuu xaaraanta yahay, sidoo kalena aan laga cunin meelo badan xitaa haddi aysan jirin diin u diideysa. Way jiraan bulshooyin qasha dameeraha cunana hilibkooda balse ka mid ma aha bulshooyinka ku dhaqan Soomaaliya iyo Itoobiya, waana taas sababta keentay in lala yaabo sababta dhalin yaradani u bilaabeen inay qashaan dameeraha. Haddaba maadaama aysan bulshooyinkani cunin hilibka dameeraha maxay u bilaabeen inay qashaan hadda? Shirkad ka hawl gasha dalka Itoobiya gaar ahaan gobolka Oromada ayaa BBc u xaqiijisay inay aruuriso hilibka, maqaarka iyo lafaha dameeraha si loogu dhoofiyo dal aad looga rabo. Beeralayda ayaa sheegay in saddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay ay suuqa Shiinaha ka heli jireen lacag ka badan hal milyan oo dollar oo ay ka sameeyeen hilibka dameeraha. Kooxda u dooda xuquuqda xayawaanka ee Brook Ethiopia, ayaa ku baaqaysa in la xidho kawaankan dameeraha. Shirkadu ma waxay keentaa hilibka dameeraha suuqa gudaha? Faa’iidada ama kharashka dameerka lagu qalayo ma ka weyn yahay? BBC-da ayaa la hadashay xiriiriyaha ururka dhalinyarada iyo machadka Brook ee Itoobiya Chichi Aman, waa Isuduwaha Shirkadda Dameeraha ee Rogchang. Shirkadan ayaa hargaha dameeraha iyo hilibka kasoo dhoofisa dalka Itoobiya una dhoofisa dalka Shiinaha. Shirkadda ALI waxay shaqadeeda ka bilowday 2013 magaalada Asalla. Warshadu waxay gowracdaa 50 ilaa 100 dameer maalintii, ayuu yidhi Chichi. Waxa uu qorshaynayaa in uu maalin walba boqolaal dameer qalo mustaqbalka. Saddexdii sano ee la soo dhaafay waxa uu gowracay 6,000 ilaa 8,000 oo dameer oo uu dibadda u dhoofiyay, isaga oo ka helay lacag ka badan 3 milyan oo dollar. “Miyiga, waxaan abaabulnaa dadka oo aan soo ururinnaa dameeraha dhabarka dhaawacan, dhabar jaban ama indha beelay, waxaana ku raranaa baabuur,” ayuu yidhi. Hay’adaha u dooda xuquuqda xoolaha ayaa aaminsan in dameeraha lagu gowraco Itoobiya ay dabar go’ u keeno karto dameeraha. Mr Chichi, waxa uu sheegay in aanu weli ka walaacsanayn dhimista tirada dameeraha Itoobiya. ‘’Dameer baqti ah umbaa nasoo gaara, dameer yar nalooma keeno’’ ayuu yidhi. Waxaan ka iibsanaa dameerka beeralayda celcelis ahaan 2,000 bir (lacagta Itoobiya ) ilaa 3,000 oo bir,” Chichi ayaa yidhi. Chiichi ayaa sheegay in wax soo saarka kawaanka dameeraha uu yahay mid la dhoofiyo ee aan dalka lagu cunin. “Xitaa lafaha waa la shiidaa oo dibadda loo diraa, halkan waxba kuma baaqdaan” ayuu yidhi. Waxa uu beeniyay eedeymaha ah in hilibka dameeraha lagu iibiyo suuqyada dalka, waxa uuna sheegay in ay tahay “dacaayad been ah” oo lagu faafiyay baraha bulshada. Shaqada shirkadda waxa la socon doonta Wasaaradda Beeraha. ‘’Wasaaradda Beeraha Itoobiya ayaa dhakhaatiir u dirtay, waxaana loo maamulaa sida shirkadaha kale’’ ayuu yiri. Waxa uu sheegay in dameeraha la qalayo uu ka soo iibsan doono Galbeedka Arsi,Shawaa bari iyo Bariga Bale iyo degmooyinka Bale. Chiichin waxa uu sheegay in dhalinyaro ururo ah oo iskaashanaysa ay keenaan oo ay ka iibsadaan dameeraha ay qalaan. Muddo laba sano ah ayaan ku wareegaynay bulshada deegaanka, ayuu yidhi. Hadda waxay u abuurtay fursado shaqo 250 qof, waxayna siisay 80 qoys oo koronto bilaash ah, ayuu yidhi. Laakiin Chichi wuxuu leeyahay ” bulshada maxalliga ah waxay aqbaleen shirkaddu inay aniga tahay ”. Kooxda u dooda xuquuqda xayawaanka ee Brooke Ethiopia ayaa sheegtay in lagu xiray magaalada Bishoftu sababo la xiriira dibadbaxyo xooggan oo ay sameeyeen bulshadu. Maxaa looga baahan yahay raqda dameeraha? Hilibka dameeraha iyo hargaha ayaa laga rabaa suuqyada Shiinaha. Dalka Shiinaha, hargaha dameeraha ayaa laga raadsadaa sababtoo ah waxay ka sameeyaan uumi walaxda loo yaqaan ‘Ejiao’ ah ee haragga dameeraha. Qalabkan laga soosaaray haragga dameeraha ayaa ah maaddooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee looga baahan yahay soo saarista dawo-dhaqameedka Shiinaha. Dameero badan ayaa sababtaas loo qalaa. Dameeraha loo qalo maqaarkooda ayaa khatar ku ah nolosha malaayiin qof, sida ay sheegtay kooxda u dooda xuquuqda xayawaanka ee Brooke. Qaran News

Rotterdam (Caasimada Online) – Kulan ballaaran oo ay soo qabanqaabiyeen “Beesha Nabadda” oo ah Hay’ad loogu magac daray ALLAHA u naxariistee Cabdulqaadir Yaxye oo ahaa Agaasimihii CRD iyo shaqsi u ololeyn jiray nabadda Soomaaliya oo 2005-tii lagu dilay Muqdisho ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Rotterdam ee dalka Netherlands. Cali Yaxye oo ay walaalo yihiin Cabdulqaadir ayaa dhowr sanno ka hor isaga oo kaashanaya qaar ka mid ah hormuudka jaaliyadaha Soomaalida Holland wuxuu hirgeliyay Hay’adda (Yahye Peace Foundation); hay’adaas oo iska xilsaartay in ay qarashaadka waxbarashada ka bixiso caruur danyar ah oo aysan waalidiintoodu awoodin in ay ka bixiyaan qarashaadkaas, lagana soo kala xulay Gobolada Soomaaliya iyo caasimada. Kulankan xalay ayaa ujeeddadiisu aheyd in xubnaha “Beesha Nabadda” ay la wadaagaan waxqabadka iyo howlaha hay’adu ka wado gobolo ka tirsan dalka iyo caasimada hormuudka Jaaliyadda. Aasaasaha Hay’adda Cali Yaxye, Xuseen Khadhiib, Liibaan Honest, Zahra Ilkacas, Hodan Cumar Dhuule, iyo xubno kale oo laf-dhabar u ah waxqabadka iyo dedaalada ay Hay’adda Nabadda Cabdulqaadir Yaxye ayaa khudbado ka jeediyay kulanka. Sidoo kale, dadkii ka soo qeybgalay ayaa daawaday muuqaal laga soo duubay shaqsiyaad ay ka mid yihiin Madaxweyne Xassan Sheekh oo ay marxuumka ka soo wada shaqeeyeen hay’adii CRD, wuxuuna sheegay Xasan in Cabdulqaadir uu ahaa shaqsigii ka dambeeyay in Xassan Sheekh uu siyaasada soo galo, isaga oo ku tilmaamay tiir muhiim ahaa oo Soomaaliya ka baxay. Jabriil Cabdulle oo dhowaan loo magacaabay safiirka Soomaaliya u fadhiya Kenya, isla markaana ahaa shaqsigii la wareegay hogaanka hay’adda CRD geeridii Cabdulqaadir kaddib ayaa khudbad ay qiiro ka muuqatay jeediyay, isaga oo ku tilmaamay Cabdulqaadir inuu u ahaa waalid iyo walaal. Gabagabadii kulanka xubnihii hay’adda “Yahye peace foundation” iyo dhammaan dadkii ka soo qeybgalay waxeey isku afgarteen in halkaasi laga sii ambaqaado “Legacy” uu ka tegay Cabdulqaadir. “Mustaqbalka dhow waxaan rajeynayaan in Soomaaliya laga hirgeliyo machad loo gaar yeelatay waxqabadkii iyo hadafkii uu u taagnaa Cabdulqaadir Yaxye,” ayuu yiri aasaasaha hay’adda Nabadda Cabdulqaadir Yaxye. HOOS KA DAAWO MUUQAALKA KULANKA The post Xasan: Inaan siyaasada soo galo waxaa igu dhiirageliyay AUN Cabdulqaadir Yaxye appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Nairobi (HOL) - CCTV footage has unveiled the abduction of Adan Osman, a Nairobi businessman and Madrassa teacher, in the bustling area of Eastleigh. The incident, occurring shortly before midnight on November 14, was meticulously carried out on First Avenue. Osman, a 40-year-old Somali refugee, was forcibly taken by armed assailants using a white double-cabin (pick-up) vehicle. Source: Hiiraan Online

Boosaaso (Caasimada Online) – Warar kala duwan ayaa kasoo baxaya dil qorsheysan oo ay saaka kooxo hubeysan ka gaysteen magaalada Boosaaso ee xarunta gobolka Bari. Dilka ayaa waxaa lagu soo warramayaa in loo gaystay ganacsade kasoo jeeda deegaanada Koonfur Galbeed, kaas oo lagu magacaabi jiray Ibraahim Cabdiraxmaan Cabdi. Wararka ayaa sheegaya in marxuumka la toogtay, isaga oo kasoo baxay Masaajidka oo uu kusoo dukaday Salaaddii Subax, waxaana baxsaday raggii ka dambeeyay falkaasi. Marxuum Ibraahim Cabdiraxmaan wuxuu sidoo kale ahaa madax iyo hogaan dhaqanba u ahaa bulshadda reer Koonfur Galbeed ee ku nool magaalada Boosaaso, halkaas oo uu joogay inuu ka shaqeysto, wuxuuna kamid ah ganacsatada laga yaqaano magaaladaasi. Dilkiisa kadib waxaa goobta gaaray ciidamo ka tirsan kuwa ammaanka Puntland oo illaa iyo hadda baaritaano wada, si ay gacanta ugu soo dhigaan dambiilayaasha. Ma cadda sababta rasmiga ah ee loo dilay ninkan, mana jiro weli wax war ah oo kasoo baxay madaxda sare ee Puntland oo ku aadan dhacdadaasi. Boosaaso ayaa waxaa maalmihii lasoo dhaafay ka dhacayay falal ammaan darri, waxaana kamid ah dil Jimcihii magaaladaas loogu gaystay Marxuum Khadar Cabdi Cali oo ahaa guddoomiyihii dhalinyarada Soomaali Galbeed ee Puntland oo gurigiisa lagu dhex dilay. Puntland ayaa hadda wajahaysa xaalad adag oo ka dhalatay doorashada, taas oo ay isku hayaan xubnaha mucaaradka ah iyo madaxweyne Saciid Deni, taas oo loo badinayo inay ka mashquulisay wax ka qabashada falalka ammaan darri ee ka dhacaya gudaha maamulkaas. The post Ganacsade kasoo jeeda KOONFUR GALBEED oo lagu dilay magaalada Boosaaso appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Mogadishu (HOL) - Security forces in Mogadishu apprehended a suspected man attempting to plant a mine at a business center in the Bakara Market, Somalia's largest open-air market, on Sunday. Source: Hiiraan Online

An explosive device went off near the TurkSom camp on Sunday afternoon, injuring at least five people. According to government officials, the Al-Shabaab attack, targeting young recruits at the Gorgor military enrollment center on Jazeera Road, has not yet resulted in any confirmed fatalities. Source: Hiiraan Online

Police repulsed two separate attacks on their bases in Fafi, Garissa county. Source: Hiiraan Online

Rwanda’s Under 18 national youth team will lock horns with Uganda in the semi finals encounter in ongoing 2023 CECAFA U18 championship in Kenya. Source: Hiiraan Online

Musalia Mudavadi has travelled to Haiti as part of the fact-finding team before Kenya sends a 1,000 police officers to the trouble-torn Caribbean nation. Source: Hiiraan Online

The World Bank has revised downwards the economic growth forecast for Somalia in 2023 to 2.8 percent, from an earlier prediction of 3.6 percent. Source: Hiiraan Online

At least 20 people have been killed by floods after heavy rain in the Manyara region of northern Tanzania, the ministry of health said on Sunday. Source: Hiiraan Online

Haweenay la Nool HIV/AIDS oo Shaacisay inay Dayac an Yihiin Hargeysa(Qaran news)-Mid ka mida hooyooyinka la nool xannuunka HIV/AIDS, isla markaana ka mida 48 qof oo xannuunkan ka wacyigeliya bulshada ayaa sheegtay in ay dayac badan qabaan. Hooyadani waxa ay xustay in dadka xannuunka la nooli ay la kulmaan hagardaamooyin badan, sida takoor, shaqo la’aan, waxbarasho la’aan iyo waliba in goobaha shaqada laga soo eryo marka la ogaado in uu qabo xannuunka HIV/AIDS. Sidoo kale waxa ay tilmaantay in ay jiraan dadka qaar markii baadhitaan lagu sameeyay ee laga helay xannuunka ay Waasheen isla markaana ku xidhan yihiin qaar ka mida cisbitaalada dalka, halka kuwa kalena eheladoodu ay eryeen. Hooyadani waxa ay golayaasha sharcidejinta ka codsatay in la sameeyo Xeerkii iyaga iyo bulshada u dhaxayn lahaa. Waxaaney tidhi.“Dadka la nool xannuunka HIV/AIDS waa la takoora, ma shaqaystaan, danyar ayay u badan yihiin, waxaanu ka codsanayna dowladdayada in takoorka bulshadu ku hayso laga daayo, dad waxa jira intay shaqo soo doontaan marka xannuunka laga helo sidaasi lagaga eryo, iyaga oo shaqaynaya ayaa xannuunkaad la nooshahay shaqada lagaga eryayaa, goobaha shaqada ee nalaga caydhinayo dowladda ayaa ka masuul ahe wax haka qabato” Hooyadani waxa ay golayaasha sharcidejinta iyo xukuumadda Somaliland ka codsatay curinta xeerkii lagu dhaqilahaa dadka xanuunkan qaba iyo kuwa aan qabinba, si ay u helaan xaqooda dastuuriga ah. Waxaanu yidhi.“Anaguna xaq ayaanu leenahay, dadweynuhuna xaq ayay leeyihiin ee xeerkii anaga iyo bulshada nakala xadaynlaha hasameyso, oo baarlamaanku ha ansixiyo, anaguna waanu badbaadayna dadweynuhuna way badbaadayaan. Waxaanahay 48 qof oo qaba xanuunka Aids-ka, Gobolada dalkana waanu ka wacyi-galinaa xanuunka, dadka guryaha ayaanu ku booqanaa, suuqyada ayaanu tagna meel walba waanu marnaa, wixiinayeela waanu soo kaxaynaa cisbitaalka guud ee magaalada Hargeysa ayaanu keenaa, baadhitaan ayaa lagu sameeya wixii laga helo waala wacyigelinaya, wixii kalena waala fasaxaya oo maba xannuunsanayo, dadkayaga xannuunka qaba qaarba waalan oo xanuunka Maanku u dheer yahay, qaarba waalan oo aanu gidaarada ka soo qabanay oo cisbitaalada ku jira imika oo ku xidhan waashay markii xannuunka laga helay, dadba ehelkoodii tuuray oo guryo loo kireeyay oo Komishanka xakamaynta HIV/AIDS ka bixiya ” Hooyadani waxa ay sheegtay in takoor la takoorayo darted caruurtooda looga soo eryo goobaha waxbarashada dalka, waxaanay dowladda Somaliland ka codsatay in goobaha waxbarashada loo amro si mustaqbalka ubadkoodu u fiicnaado. Waxaaey tidhi. “Waxaan dowladda iyo hay’addaha caalamiga ah u sheegaya in bulshadayada la nool xannuunka daryeel siiyaan, oo nalaga warhayo, carruurtayda haddii uu dhiganlaha waxa uu odhanaya haydirin takoor ayaan ka baqanayaa, waalidiinta xannuunka HIV/AIDS la nool ubadkoodu waxba ma bartaan, dadkayaguna waa wada sidaas, haddii nala ogaado waxbarashada markaaba waa nalaga soo eryayaa, dowladdu wax ha noo qabato oo goobaha waxbarashada haku qabsabto in carruurtayadu wax ka bartaan”. Qaran News

A seventy-year-old Ugandan woman has given birth to twins after IVF treatment. Safina Namukwaya, one of the oldest women to give birth, delivered a boy and a girl via caesarean at a fertility centre in the capital, Kampala. Ms Namukwaya told local media it was a “miracle”. This is Ms Namukwaya’s second delivery in three years. She gave birth to a baby girl in 2020. “We’ve achieved the extraordinary – delivering twins to Africa’s oldest mother aged 70!” the Women’s Hospital International and Fertility Centre (WHI&FC) posted on its Facebook page. Ms Namukwaya told Uganda’s Daily Monitor newspaper that her pregnancy had been difficult as her partner abandoned her when he realised she was going to have twins. “Men don’t like to be told that you are carrying more than one child. Ever since I was admitted here, my man has never showed up,” she said. She added that she had wanted to have children after she was mocked for being childless. “I looked after people’s children and saw them grow up and leave me alone. I wondered who would take care of me when I grow old,” she added. It is not clear whether Ms Namukwaya used an egg she froze when she was younger or whether she opted for a donor egg. What is IVF? IVF (in vitro fertilisation) is a series of procedures available to help people with fertility problems have a baby. During IVF, an egg is removed from the woman’s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. Then a procedure is done to place the fertilised egg, called an embryo, in the woman’s womb to grow and develop. It can be carried out using your eggs and your partner’s sperm, or eggs and sperm from donors. The success rate of IVF depends on the age of the woman having treatment, as well as the cause of the infertility. Generally, the younger you are, the more likely you are to have a successful pregnancy. IVF isn’t usually recommended for women over the age of 42 because the chances of a successful pregnancy are thought to be too low. Source The Standard Qaran News

Hoover Institution | Stanford University The Kosovo Conditions and the Case for American Unilateral Recognition of Somaliland Oliver McPherson-Smith and Jendayi E. Frazer INTRODUCTION Since the turn of the millennium, the United States has extended sovereign recognition to four countries—East Timor (2002), Montenegro (2006), Kosovo (2008), and South Sudan (2011). In three of these cases, Washington joined an international consensus to admit a sovereign member to the club of nations. Kosovo remains the exception. Fifteen years later, the fact that Kosovo is still only acknowledged by around half of the United Nations membership colors its American diplomatic recognition as uniquely maverick in retrospect. Yet, Kosovo illustrates the rule rather than the exception of the strategic use of sovereign recognition. Despite common misconceptions that this power is constrained by the need for an international consensus or congressional endorsement, the executive branch retains the unfettered right to recognize foreign sovereignty to advance the American national interest. It is a storied but powerful tool within the president’s foreign policy arsenal. Clear-eyed, even in the absence of international or congressional consensus, the George W. Bush administration’s recognition of Kosovo establishes four guardrail criteria that guide the successful use of this power: the opportunity to tangibly advance the United States’ interests, the existence of de facto territorial control by the aspirant state, the little chance of its peaceful reintegration, and the demonstrated feasibility of a local democratic regime. Rather than binding domestic or international legal principles, these “Kosovo conditions” clarify appropriate contexts for the deployment of this political power. Formulizing these conditions, particularly amid a renewed era of international competition, begs the question of whether there are prudent opportunities to employ this powerful tool of American foreign policy. Somaliland—a prosperous and democratic self-declared country on the Horn of Africa—fits comfortably within the “Kosovo conditions” for American unilateral sovereign recognition. Although nominally shackled to the chronically unstable An Essay from The Caravan Notebook Somalia, Somaliland has established control over its self-declared territory to foster a democratic system of government with universal suffrage. For more than thirty years, this aspirant state has refused to rejoin its war-ravaged neighbor and has rebuffed economic overtures from Beijing in preference of a close relationship with a fellow democratic state in search of recognition, Taiwan. Tracing the parallels between the Muslim-majority, aspirant states of Somaliland and Kosovo illustrates how, to advance the United States’ interest in democracy, economic development, and the stability of global trade routes, there is a strong case for the American unilateral sovereign recognition of Somaliland. A PRESIDENT’S POWER Although the executive branch enjoys exclusive discretion to recognize foreign sovereignty, this constitutional authority has not precluded efforts by Congress to shape or usurp its use. The potential recognition of Kosovo, for example, provoked dueling legislative resolutions in support and opposition. In March 2007, Senator Joe Lieberman introduced a Senate resolution to “support independence for Kosovo.”1 Shortly thereafter, in April, Representative Eliot Engel introduced a similar resolution in the House.2 In response, Representative Melissa Bean introduced a House resolution in opposition to an “imposed solution to the status of Kosovo” in May.3 None of these resolutions reached the floor for a vote. More recently, in March 2022, Representative Scott Perry introduced an act such that “the President is authorized to recognize Somaliland . . . as a separate, independent country.”4 While it is wholly within a legislator’s right to encourage or discourage the executive branch, these efforts reflect and reinforce the belief that Congress can enable or withhold sovereign recognition. Yet, Justice Anthony Kennedy’s majority opinion in the Supreme Court case of Zivotofsky v. Kerry in 2015 refutes this misconception.5 The justice notes that the advice and consent of the Senate is needed for making treaties and appointing ambassadors and that even the construction of an embassy abroad requires the congressional appropriation of funds. However, on the matter of sovereign recognition, the nation must speak with one voice and “that voice must be the President’s.” The justice argues that because of the framers’ consti- tutional dedication of diplomatic powers to the president,6 past executives’ exercise of this right, and the Supreme Court’s earlier recognition thereof, there is little doubt that this power exclusively pertains to the president. Justice Kennedy’s relatively recent recognition of this power draws a clear line from the cautious framing of the president’s constitutional powers and their exercise in the years following its ratification to the contemporary era. Article II of the Constitution vests the president with the exclusive right to receive foreign ambassadors, which, unlike the process of appointing American ambassadors, does not require the advice and consent of the Senate.7 Bellia Jr. and Clark note that at the time of the framing, “sending and receiving ambassadors and making treaties were the traditional means by which nations recognized each other as independent sovereigns . . .”8 A subsequent exercise of this power was George Washington’s reception of Edmond-Charles Genêt as ambassador of the French Republic in 1793, effectively recognizing the revolutionary French regime and repudiating the monarchy. This 2 decision was made exclusively by Washington and his cabinet. Prakash and Ramsey summarize Genêt’s reception: “Congress never dictated which countries or governments to recognize because it understood that the Constitution had shifted the recognition power from Congress to the President.”9 The need for, or a long-held convention of, international consensus when exercising the power of diplomatic recognition is similarly a red herring. France, the Dutch Republic, and the Kingdom of Sweden all recognized American sovereignty before the United Kingdom eventually did through the Treaty of Paris in 1783.10 And yet, the eventual diplomatic acquiescence of the former colonial ruler did not precipitate immediate recognition among the great powers of Europe. It was only twenty years later, in 1803, that the Russian Empire recognized the United States.11 A similar absence of consensus was evident in the varied recognition of the Soviet Union’s occupation of the Baltic states. Consistent with the Welles Declaration of 1940, the United States refused de jure and de facto recognition of the Soviet forcible incorporation of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia until the collapse of the USSR. However, at varying times, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain, and New Zealand all recognized Soviet sovereignty over the Baltic states.12 More recently, Kosovo’s declaration of independence has been recognized by most—but not all—members of the European Union. At the time of writing, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Cyprus still withhold recognition of Kosovo’s sovereignty. The position of foreign governments toward cases of potential statehood merits close examination, but international permission or consensus is not a prerequisite for the exercise of the president’s constitutional power of recognition. THE KOSOVO CONDITIONS If the president’s recognition powers lack congressional or international limitations, when should they be invoked? The profound economic and legal ramifications of sovereign recognition naturally imply that it should not be granted capriciously. However, refraining to consider when a president might unilaterally use this power risks overlooking a potentially effective foreign policy device. The George W. Bush administration’s recognition of Kosovo—in the absence of congressional or international consensus—provides an instructive blueprint for an executive’s use of sovereign recognition in the contemporary era. Unlike the former Yugoslav republics that achieved their independence in the 1990s and which were all constituent republics within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Kosovo had only previously enjoyed the status of an autonomous province within the Socialist Republic of Serbia.13 Following a breakdown in negotiations to end the Kosovo war of 1998–99, and amid accusations of war crimes, a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) bombing campaign precipitated the withdrawal of Slobodan Milošević’s regime from the territory. In its place, the United Nations was tasked with developing institutions of democratic self-rule and administration. Less than ten years after the Yugoslav institutions in Kosovo had evaporated, the UN-facilitated Assembly of Kosovo adopted a declaration of independence on February 17, 2008. Conveyed by a letter from President Bush to his Kosovar counterpart, the United States formally recognized Kosovo sovereignty the following day and established diplomatic relations. The opportunity to advance the United States’ interests, particularly by cultivating an American ally in the Balkans, was a primary objective of this recognition; President Bush wrote that “on this historic occasion, I note the deep and sincere bonds of friendship that unite our people. This friendship, cemented during Kosovo’s darkest hours of tragedy, has grown stronger in the 9 years since war in Kosovo ended. . . . As in the past, the United States will be your partner and your friend.”14 The further rationales for the United States’ recognition of Kosovar sovereignty were elaborated by then secretary of state Condoleezza Rice. In a press statement, Secretary Rice noted that “the unusual combination of factors found in the Kosovo situation—including the context of Yugoslavia’s breakup, the history of ethnic cleansing and crimes against civilians in Kosovo, and the extended period of UN administration—are not found elsewhere and therefore make Kosovo a special case. Kosovo cannot be seen as a precedent for any other situation in the world today.”15 Together, these statements by President Bush and Secretary Rice thus elucidate the four conditions that precipitated the decision to recognize Kosovo. BEYOND KOSOVO These four conditions are framed in the context of Kosovo, yet, the recognition power is not exclusive to the Kosovo case. Secretary Rice’s emphasis on “the unusual combination of factors” rather than an innate quality of the Kosovo case suggests that their appearance in an alternative context may merit sovereign recognition. Similarly, Rice’s explanation of the Kosovo conditions clearly implies that they may guide the use of the recognition powers in other contexts in the future. Rice asserted that “Kosovo cannot be seen as a precedent for any other situation in the world today” (emphasis added). Indeed, the inclusion of the word “today” qualifies that the Kosovo conditions may be relevant for the use of the recognition powers in the future. If the Kosovo case might establish guiding conditions for the use of the recognition powers, the factors elucidated by President Bush and Secretary Rice must be interpreted as conditions that are portable to other contexts. The first condition is the need to advance the United States’ national interest. President Bush noted, “As Kosovo opens a new chapter in its history as an independent state, I look forward to the deepening and strengthening of our special friendship.” Rather than perfunctory diplomatic platitudes, President Bush’s letter reflects, and seeks to build upon, the United States’ role in the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia to end the ethnic cleansing of Albanians in Kosovo. The decision was thus not a random humanitarian gesture but, rather, an effort to advance the United States’ interests by recommitting support to a friendly aspiring nation. The second condition, as elucidated by Secretary Rice, is “the context of Yugoslavia’s break up.” Following Slovenia’s and Croatia’s declarations of independence in June 1991, 4 Yugoslavia progressively disintegrated.16 In its place rose several governments that enjoyed independent administrative control over discrete territory along the lines of the classic Weberian state, in the shadow of any lingering authority claimed by the Yugoslav regime in Belgrade. In effect, the context of Yugoslavia’s breakup resulted in the creation of de facto control over territory by an aspiring state. Importantly, territorial irredentism,17 and disputes over the legal successor status of the erstwhile Yugoslav Socialist Republic,18 persisted after the state’s dissolution. While the new self-declared republics established their own state capacities, the context of Yugoslavia’s breakup was rife with protracted de jure conflict. This second condition can thus be characterized as the attainment of de facto territorial control even when de jure control may be contested. The third condition is “the history of ethnic cleansing and crimes against civilians in Kosovo.” The overwhelming majority of war crime victims in Kosovo were Kosovar Albanians, typically at the hands of the Yugoslav state or its allied paramilitaries. Non-Albanian Kosovars, including ethnic minorities such as the Roma, were similarly subject to war crimes.19 Members of the then premier fighting force for Kosovo’s independence—the ethnically Albanian-led Kosovo Liberation Army—have also been implicated in war crimes against Serbs and other ethnicities.20 The resulting extreme animosity associated with ethnically targeted war crimes made the peaceful reintegration of Kosovo into Serbia unfeasible. The third condition for recognition is thus not the incidence of ethnic cleansing or crimes against civilians per se, but, rather, a situation where peacefully relinquishing the would-be sovereign entity’s de facto territorial control would be impossible. The fourth condition is “the extended period of UN administration.” The principle undergirding this condition is further clarified with reference to Secretary Rice’s earlier discussion of Kosovo’s history in a preceding paragraph: “A United Nations Security Council decision to suspend Belgrade’s governance . . . place[d] Kosovo under interim UN administration. Since that time Kosovo has built its own democratic institutions separate from Belgrade’s control.” The second sentence thus illustrates that it was not the United Nations’ presence that was the deciding factor but, rather, the creation of local and enduring democratic institutions. The UN’s administration was a cause—the effect was the creation of local democratic institutions. Both the statements of President Bush and Secretary Rice endorsed the plan put forward by UN Special Envoy Martti Ahtisaari, which ultimately recommended the creation of a democratic, multi-ethnic, and independent Kosovo without UN supervision. Neither statement thus suggests that the United States’ recognition should be contingent on international consensus at the UN or the continued presence of the UN. Focusing on the principle and substance rather than the case-specific details, the fourth condition is thus the demonstration of durable, democratic institutions within the aspiring state rather than the extended presence of an international actor. THE CASE OF SOMALILAND These four conditions—the US national interest, de facto territorial control, little chance of peaceful reintegration, and the demonstrated feasibility of a local democratic regime— provide a guiding framework for US unilateral diplomatic recognition that is portable to other contexts. One context where such an “unusual combination of factors” occurs today—to use Secretary Rice’s words—is the self-proclaimed Republic of Somaliland. Having declared its independence from Somalia in 1991, Somaliland has enjoyed relative peace, stability, and democracy in the shadow of the mismanagement and chaos of Mogadishu’s rule. Despite local aspirations for Somaliland’s de facto independence to enjoy de jure status, the United States nonetheless formally considers the most successful democracy on the Horn of Africa as subject to Mogadishu’s authority. Rather than a deliberate endorsement of Mogadishu’s authority over a region it does not govern, the United States’ policy toward Somaliland to date largely appears to be the byproduct of privileging the status quo or deferring to the leadership of influential regional states. Yet, approaching the question of Somaliland’s recognition anew—particularly in light of the Kosovo conditions—demonstrates an overlooked opportunity to advance the American national interest in a manner consistent with the earlier unilateral use of the recognition powers. The Kosovo conditions and their application to Somaliland also illustrate how the recognition powers can be strategically deployed despite regional political cultures that are inimical to local independence movements. From Catalonia in Spain to the Faroe Islands of Denmark, Europe is home to countless independence movements that lack the support of European states or the European Union.21 Parallel movements on the African continent, like the Biafran independence movement in Nigeria or that of Ambazonia in Cameroon, have also largely lacked the endorsement of African states or the African Union.22 Amid a regional political culture that endorses the status quo, to which the United States has largely acquiesced, the Kosovo conditions guide the use of the recognition powers to be consistent with both America’s democratic principles and the pragmatic need to only recognize states that can potentially function without the recognition of their regional neighbors—such as Kosovo and Somaliland—having established de facto territorial control. CONDITION I: THE US NATIONAL INTEREST While the United States has a general interest in the support of democracy and development, as well as the prevention of crimes against civilians, the stability of Somaliland has a unique intersection with American interests. Along the African coast of the Gulf of Aden, Somaliland is situated near the Bab al-Mandab Strait and the entryway to the Red Sea and Suez Canal. Somaliland enjoys ready access to the African continent, the Arabian Peninsula, and one of the world’s most trafficked shipping routes. Indicative of its strategic location, the United States, China, France, and Japan all maintain permanent military bases in neighboring Djibouti. In addition to the human cost of unrest and political disintegration in Somaliland, the failure of the aspirant state’s largely stable regime risks developing into a staging ground for piracy or regional insurgency that could bedevil a global trade choke point. Somaliland’s sovereignty furthermore sits within the United States’ interests due to the aspirant state’s willingness to engage with Taiwan. The Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 asserts that “it is the policy of the United States to preserve and promote extensive, close, and friendly commercial, cultural, and other relations” with Taiwan.23 The act does not seek to monopolize close relations with Taiwan; on the contrary, it explicitly articulates the United States’ interest in Taiwan’s peaceful engagement with the world: “Any effort to determine the future of Taiwan by other than peaceful means, including by boycotts or embargoes, [is] a threat to the peace and security of the Western Pacific area and of grave concern to the United States.”24 Yet, as recently as October 2022, People’s Republic of China (PRC) President Xi Jinping asserted Beijing’s right to militarily conquer Taiwan.25 Most African states do not recognize Taiwan’s sovereignty; while Eswatini recognizes Taiwan in lieu of the PRC, only Nigeria, South Africa, and Ivory Coast recognize the PRC while maintaining formal trade representatives in Taipei. Somaliland, despite immense pressure and lucrative enticements from Beijing to do otherwise, established bilateral relations with Taiwan in 2020, and the two countries have exchanged representatives.26 It is thus in the United States’ national interest to support international partners who also seek to advance the broad objectives of the Taiwan Relations Act. Indicative of American interests in Somaliland’s peace and stability, in recent years Congress has sought to assess and reorientate the US government’s engagement with the self-declared country. The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for fiscal year 2023, for example, instructs the secretary of state to submit an annual report that details American aid, security training, and official travel to Somaliland.27 It similarly commissions a report that surveys further opportunities to engage with Somalia and Somaliland to further the United States’ national security interests in the region. While the act explicitly notes that nothing in the law should be construed as recognizing Somaliland’s independence, the author of the relevant section of the NDAA—Senate Foreign Relations Committee Ranking Member James Risch— subsequently characterized the law as an opportunity “to explore all possible mutually- beneficial relationships with stable and democratic partners, including Somaliland.”28 This desire to advance the national interest by developing relations with stable and democratic partners echoes President Bush’s aforementioned rationale for recognizing a democratic and sovereign Kosovo. Recognizing Somaliland’s sovereignty would further advance this mutually beneficial relationship, particularly among private-sector actors. The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) provides a variety of trade benefits for African countries that advance market-based economies and the rule of law while inhibiting corruption and human rights abuses. Although Somaliland and its local businesses would likely be eligible for this access to the US market, Somalia is not yet a participant of the program. Because Somalia is also not a member of the World Trade Organization, Somaliland-based businesses face significant trade disadvantages relative to their peers in other stable and democratic African countries. Similarly, Somaliland passports are not recognized for travel to the United States. Without an American embassy or consulate in Somaliland, local business travelers are forced to apply for visas as Somali citizens at the US embassy in Nairobi, which has jurisdiction over applicants within Somalia and Somaliland. Recognition could curtail these costs—both immediately for Somaliland passport holders and longer term for Somaliland’s trade potential. With the benefit of a regional diplomatic strategy, recognizing Somaliland need not necessarily be a detriment to the United States’ broader interests on the African continent. The United States should consult but not seek concurrence from the African Union on sovereign recognition of Somaliland. The decision should be treated as strictly a bilateral diplomatic move. Still, despite the potential for short-term turbulence, especially with the regime in Mogadishu, liaising closely with Somaliland’s neighbors and the African Union prior to any unilateral recognition of Somaliland would show respect and factor in regional concerns to protect the United States’ long-term regional interests. The Somali government will vehemently oppose recognition; however, its national interests are served by remaining on good terms with the United States. In recent years, the United States has committed more than half a billion dollars annually in assistance to Mogadishu across both the Trump and Biden administrations. Similarly, the United States works closely with authorities in Mogadishu on counterterror and security objectives. Unilateral recognition of Somaliland should be paired with a clear commitment to maintaining the United States’ relationship with Mogadishu. The African Union formally supports the integrity of its members’ borders, but in practice, its track record is more nuanced and could serve as a rallying point to encourage other states to recognize Somaliland without fear of encouraging secessionist movements.29 In 1980, the African Union’s predecessor—the Organization of African Unity (OAU)—voted by simple majority to admit Western Sahara as a member despite Morocco’s claim over the region.30 The African Union also adopted the OAU’s acceptance of former colonial territorial boundaries along which Somaliland initially achieved independence from Britain in 1960 with immediate sovereign recognition from thirty-five countries. The United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union all formally recognized the short-lived State of Somaliland. Five days after gaining its independence, the State of Somaliland voluntarily joined with the former Italian Somalia to form the Somali Republic, from which it subsequently reasserted its independence after the collapse of Siad Barre’s regime in 1991. Coupled with the United States’ diplomatic strategy, this history could serve as a rallying point for other African countries, as well as European partners, to concurrently recognize Somaliland’s independence. Along the lines of Secretary Rice’s statement on Kosovo, reiterating the unique nature of the Somaliland case—and the high threshold of the four Kosovo conditions—would further serve to allay concerns of separatism within the African context. CONDITION II: DE FACTO TERRITORIAL CONTROL It was along the borders of the briefly independent State of Somaliland that, in May 1991, the leaders of the Somali National Movement (SNM) declared the independence of the Republic of Somaliland amid the ashes of Siad Barre’s socialist republic. Since then, Somaliland authorities have established exclusive control over the majority of their claimed territory. Unlike Somalia, Somaliland has largely avoided the Al Shabaab insurgency and prolific interclan warfare that have bedeviled its southern neighbor. Nonetheless, Somaliland’s territorial control is not seamless or without contest—much like that of Kosovo. While Somaliland’s population is largely derived from the Isaaq clan, the eastern city of Las Anod is dominated by members of the Sool clan clan. Somaliland authorities in the capital, Hargeisa, claim the city due to its location within colonial and briefly independent Somaliland. Yet, the neighboring Somali region of Puntland asserts its right over the town and environs due to clan ties between its population and the Sool clan. These rivaling claims precipitated Puntland’s capture of the city in 2003, followed by Somaliland’s successful reestablishment of control in 2007 and, most recently, unrest throughout 2023.31 A loose parallel exists in Kosovo, where various Serb-majority enclaves exist within the otherwise Albanian-majority country. Much like Las Anod, which borders Puntland, the Serb-majority northernmost region of Kosovo has been a site of unrest since Kosovo’s declaration of independence. Violent protests erupted in North Kosovo in the wake of the declaration of independence in 2008, and clashes have periodically surfaced, including in 2023. Contiguous with Serbia, the municipalities of northern Kosovo maintained their own parallel institutions—such as a police force and judiciary—until an agreement was brokered in Brussels in 2013. While this agreement formally provided for Serb-majority regions of Kosovo to form a collective association replete with its own leadership and elected assembly, this has yet to materialize. The experience of northern Kosovo illustrates the nature of de facto territorial control necessary to meet this condition for sovereign recognition. The rejection of the Kosovar declaration of independence in 2008 by Serb communities was foreseeable, precipitating an era of heterogenous state capacity across Kosovo. This situation is echoed in Las Anod, with the desire of some local elders to rejoin Somalia. Yet, perfect should not be the enemy of good. Much like Kosovo in 2008, Somaliland after its own declaration of independence has largely enjoyed de facto territorial control for over thirty years. In this respect, it does not contribute to African state fragmentation. CONDITION III: LITTLE CHANCE OF PEACEFUL REINTEGRATION Examining the prospects of Somaliland’s peaceful reintegration requires a consideration of why and how modern Somaliland came into being. While Siad Barre’s ideology of scientific socialism formally refuted clan affiliation,32 Barre formed an alliance among the Marehan, Ogaden, and Sool clan to fill the senior posts of his military regime.33 The marginalization of the Isaaq clan—who constitute the majority of the population in Somaliland—led to the creation of the SNM by Isaaq diaspora intellectuals in 1979 to oppose Barre. The SNM gradually established itself as the preeminent insurgent group in northwest Somalia. In response to the insurgency, in 1988 Barre launched a genocidal air campaign to raze cities in the Isaaq heartland. It is estimated that 200,000 people were killed in the genocide.34 The destruction of the current capital of Somaliland, Hargeisa, earned it the moniker “the Dresden of Africa.” The result was the further fusing of the Isaaq and the SNM.35 While the SNM’s original goal was to reconstitute a representative regime in Mogadishu, the chaos that followed the downfall of the Barre regime made that objective infeasible. From the Isaaq stronghold of Bur’o, in May 1991 the SNM central committee embraced the popular sentiment of the time and—with the elders of the smaller neighboring clans—declared Somaliland independent.36 This intertwined history of the Isaaq genocide, the SNM, and the Somaliland state have eliminated any chance of peaceful reintegration for the foreseeable future. Clan affiliation has sometimes become a too ready explanation for the dynamics of Somali politics. However, the legacy of the genocide at the hands of Barre’s regime in Mogadishu remains a common theme in Somalilander nationalism. Reuniting Somaliland with Somalia would echo Barre’s “Greater Somalia” irredentism; in 1977, Barre’s forces invaded the neighboring Ethiopian region of Ogaden in support of local Somali separatists. The resettling of Ogaden refugees in what is now Somaliland was a contributing grievance among the Isaaq toward Barre. Reuniting Somaliland with Somalia, which hosts a non-Isaaq population roughly three times larger than Somaliland, under the guise of an irredentist vision of Somalia is thus unimaginable. Much like the Isaaq under Barre’s regime, the Albanian population of Kosovo was similarly victimized by Slobodan Milošević’s efforts to retain control of Kosovo. According to a State Department report published months after the conclusion of the Kosovo war, Milošević’s campaign of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo led to the death of approximately ten thousand Albanian Kosovars at the hands of Serbian forces.37 Moreover, “over 1.5 million Kosovar Albanians—at least 90 percent of the estimated 1998 Kosovar Albanian population of Kosovo—were forcibly expelled from their homes.” The legacy of these war crimes persists, and the prospect of suing Serbia for genocide at the International Court of Justice looms large in Kosovar politics.38 In both Kosovo and Somaliland, there remains a deep legacy of war crimes that were perpetrated by an autocrat in pursuit of controlling the distinct local populations. In both cases, there has since been little chance of peaceful reintegration. CONDITION IV: THE DEMONSTRATED FEASIBILITY OF A LOCAL DEMOCRATIC REGIME In stark contrast with the government in Mogadishu, Somaliland’s political system is both markedly democratic and stable. A significant source of this stability can be attributed to infusion of traditional approaches to governance within democratic institutions. In the absence of obvious natural resources to exploit, the British colonization of Somaliland was extremely frugal. Conversely, the Italian colonization of Somalia proper was replete with a settler-plantation colony and profound efforts to redefine Somali society along Italian social and cultural lines.39 While much of Somalia was subject to this upheaval, as well as debilitating interclan conflict, clan elders in Somaliland enjoyed comparatively greater authority upon the demise of the Barre regime.40 With the ability to forge a political settlement among themselves, clan elders in Somaliland orchestrated three indirect presidential elections in 1991, 1993, and 1997. A 2001 constitutional referendum inaugurated the advent of one-person, one-vote democracy under universal suffrage. Holding elections along these more inclusive terms proved difficult initially—especially in 2003—yet the conduct has increasingly improved, and one parliamentary and three presidential elections have since been held. By contrast, despite repeated efforts since Barre’s demise, the regime in Mogadishu has yet to hold an election with universal suffrage. In a neighborhood marked by the absence of democratic regimes, Somalilanders have built an enduring political system by fusing their democracy with local cultural features.41 As in other contexts, precolonial institutions can provide a reliable foundation upon which contemporary social, political, and economic innovations can flourish.42 Although Somaliland possesses a conventional, democratic legislature, the moderating influence of clan elders nonetheless persists; much like the United Kingdom’s House of Lords, the upper chamber of the Somalilander legislature is reserved for clan elders. Moreover, per the 2001 constitution, Islam is the official state religion.43 Yet, the constitution also safeguards the authority of the elected government by explicitly prohibiting seditious sermons in mosques.44 The durable Somaliland political system thus leverages local social arrangements to help stabilize its democratic regime and similarly recognizes local religious interests while also safeguarding the state’s democratic institutions. Somaliland clearly demonstrates the compatibility of Islam and democracy and can serve as a beacon for countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Parallel to Somaliland’s successful self-governance and as a likewise Muslim-majority polity, Kosovo enjoyed a protracted period of democratic self-rule in the years prior to the United States’ recognition of its sovereignty. Following the conclusion of the Kosovo war, on June 10, 1999, the UN Security Council adopted resolution 1244, which established the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). UNMIK did not assume sovereignty of the Kosovo region, nor did it establish a formal pathway to independent statehood. Rather, it was charged with “the development of provisional institutions for democratic and autonomous self-government pending a political settlement, including the holding of elections . . . [and] transferring, as these institutions are established, its administrative responsibilities while overseeing and supporting the consolidation of Kosovo’s local provisional institutions and other peacebuilding activities.”45 UNMIK oversaw a succession of governance councils and political bodies that eventually evolved into the Kosovar presidency, a unicameral legislature, and a prime minister’s office and cabinet. Prior to Kosovo’s declaration of independence in 2008, legislative elections were held in 2001,46 2004,47 and 2007 that were each described as free and fair by international observers.48 Much like the Somalilanders, the Kosovar people have developed a durable democratic regime whose legal foundation reflects the predominant culture of the local context. Among a Muslim majority but largely secular population, Kosovo’s post-independence constitution enshrines the state’s secularism.49 Yet, this secularism is not static. The education ministry’s decision to ban religious attire in public schools more than a year after declaring independence,50 for example, has been met with continued opposition from religiously conservative segments of the Kosovar population.51 Moreover, recognizing the potential for the further evolution of Kosovar secularism, authors such as Hellenbrand argue that “Kosovo is not constitutionally bound by international case law, and thus it has greater autonomy to craft policy and law on matters of religion that are adapted to the particularities of the ethnic and religious communities within its borders.”52 The fluidity of the Kosovar interpretation of secularism is not a defect of a rigid system but, rather, an asset of a durable democratic regime that is capable of reflecting the changing interests of its citizens. Over a period of eight years and with the help of UNMIK, Kosovo developed inclusive and representative political institutions, which have successfully endured for the fifteen years since independence. Similarly, by drawing from the stabilizing and moderating influence of clan elders, Somaliland has enjoyed universal suffrage in its parliamentary and presidential elections for more than twenty years. While challenges remain in both contexts—particularly concerning the political participation of ethnic Serbs in Kosovo and the status of Las Anod in Somaliland—durable democratic regimes have emerged in both cases. THE CASE FOR AMERICAN UNILATERAL RECOGNITION OF SOMALILAND The ability to recognize the sovereignty of a foreign nation is a powerful prerogative vested in the presidency. Without the need for consensus among nations or lawmakers in Congress, and despite its potentially profound economic implications, the recognition power nonetheless has been seldom used in the twenty-first century. If presidents have this foreign policy tool at their disposal, when should it be employed? The United States’ recognition of Kosovo in 2008 represents an instructive example. In the absence of congressional or international consensus, the George W. Bush administration exercised this unilateral power and, in the process, established four guiding conditions for its successful use—the opportunity to advance the United States’ interests, the existence of de facto territorial control by the aspirant state, the little chance of peaceful reintegration, and the demonstrated feasibility of a local democratic regime. The self-declared Republic of Somaliland on the Horn of Africa meets these four “Kosovo conditions.” Recognizing Somaliland would advance the United States’ interests by supporting a fellow democratic regime, promoting stability near the Bab al-Mandab trade choke point, and facilitating economic growth—particularly as Somaliland deepens its relations with Taiwan. Enjoying de facto control over most of its claimed territory, with little chance of reintegration with its former state in the wake of war crimes and the decades-long demonstration of a democratic regime, the case of Somaliland clearly parallels that of Kosovo. The relatively infrequent use of the recognition power should not preclude its deployment when the appropriate opportunity arises. Coupled with a diplomatic plan to protect the nation’s broader regional interests, the United States should recognize Somaliland as the independent and sovereign nation that it is. NOTES 1. A Resolution Expressing the Sense of the Senate That the United States Should Support Independence for Kosovo, S. Res. 135, 110th Cong. (2007). 2. Expressing the Sense of the House of Representatives That the United States Should Support Independence for Kosovo, H.R. Res. 309, 110th Cong. (2007). 3. Expressing the Sense of the House of Representatives That the United States Should Support a Mutually-Agreed Solution for the Future Status of Kosovo and Reject an Imposed Solution for the Status of Kosovo, H.R. Res. 445, 110th Cong. (2007). 4. To Recognize Somaliland of the Federal Republic of Somalia as a Separate, Independent Country, H.R. Res. 7170, 117th Cong. (2022). 5. Zivotofsky v. Kerry, 576 US 1 (2015). 6. US Const. art. II, § 2–3. 7. US Const. art. II, § 3. 8. Anthony J. Bellia Jr. and Bradford R. Clark, The Law of Nations and the United States Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 42. 9. Saikrishna B. Prakash and Michael D. Ramsey, “The Executive Power over Foreign Affairs,” Yale Law Journal 111, no. 2 (2001): 313. 10. A 1777 declaration by the Sultan of Morocco permitting American-flagged vessels to visit Moroccan ports is also commonly cited as an exercise in recognizing the United States’ sovereignty. 11. Nina N. Bashkina et al., eds., United States and Russia: The Beginning of Relations, 1765–1815 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1980), 378–82. 12. Lauri Mälksoo, Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR, 2nd rev. ed., The Erik Castrén Institute Monographs on International Law and Human Rights, vol. 20 (Leiden: Brill / Nijhoff, 2022), 104–5. 13. Of the six socialist republics within Yugoslavia, only Serbia had “socialist autonomous provinces”: Kosovo and Vojvodina. 14. George W. Bush, “Text of a Letter from the President to the President of Kosovo,” February 18, 2008. https:// georgewbush – whitehouse. archives. gov / news / releases / 2008 / 02 / 20080218 – 3. html. 15. Condoleezza Rice, “US Recognizes Kosovo as Independent State,” US Department of State, February 18, 2008. https:// 2001 – 2009. state. gov / secretary / rm / 2008 / 02 / 100973. htm. 16. Peter Radan, The Break-Up of Yugoslavia and International Law (London: Routledge, 2002), 135. 17. Norman Cigar, “The Serbo-Croatian War, 1991: Political and Military Dimensions,” Journal of Strategic Studies 16, no. 3 (September 1993): 298. https:// doi. org / 10. 1080 / 01402399308437521. 18. Carsten Stahn, “The Agreement on Succession Issues of the Former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,” American Journal of International Law 96, no. 2 (April 2002): 380. https:// doi. org / 10. 2307 / 2693933. 19. Tatjana Perič and Martin Demirovski, “Unwanted: The Exodus of Kosovo Roma (1998–2000),” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 13, no. 2 (March 2000): 85. https:// doi. org / 10. 1080 / 09557570008400300. 20. Fred Abrahams and Benjamin N. Ward, Under Orders: War Crimes in Kosovo (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2001), 13. 21. See, for example, the unilateral rejection of Catalonia’s October 2017 declaration of independence by the countries of Europe, the European Union, and the United States. 22. The short-lived Republic of Biafra was nonetheless recognized by Tanzania, Gabon, Ivory Coast, and Zambia, as well as Haiti. See D. A. Ijalaye, “Was ‘Biafra’ at Any Time a State in International Law?” American Journal of International Law 65, no. 3 (July 1971): 554. 23. US Congress, Taiwan Relations Act, Section 2 (b) (1), 22 U.S.C. ch. 48 §3301 (1979). 24. US Congress, Taiwan Relations Act, Section 2 (b) (4), 22 U.S.C. ch. 48 §3301 (1979). 25. Yew Lun Tian and Ben Blanchard, “China Will Never Renounce Right to Use Force over Taiwan, Xi Says,” Reuters, October 16, 2022. https:// www. reuters. com / world / china / xi – china – will – never – renounce – right – use – force – over – taiwan – 2022 – 10 – 16 /. 26. Nick Aspinwall, “Taiwan Throws a Diplomatic Curveball by Establishing Ties with Somaliland,” The Diplomat, July 10, 2020. https:// thediplomat. com / 2020 / 07 / taiwan – throws – a – diplomatic – curveball – by – establishing – ties – with – somaliland /. 27. James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, Section 1275, H.R. Res. 7776, 117th Cong. (2022). 28. James Risch, “Risch on Final Passage of FY2023 NDAA,” Senate Foreign Relations Committee, December 15, 2022. https:// www. foreign. senate. gov / press / rep / release / risch – on – final – passage – of – fy2023 – ndaa. 29. Articles II and III of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity make reference to defending or respecting the “territorial integrity” of member states, while article III of the Constitutive Act of the African Union references defending the “territorial integrity” of member states. 30. J. Naldi, “The Organization of African Unity and the Saharan Arab Democratic Republic,” Journal of African Law 26, no. 2 (1982): 153. https:// doi. org / 10. 1017 / S0021855300013127. 31. Markus Virgil Hoehne, “Crisis in Lasanod: Border Disputes, Escalating Insecurity and the Future of Somaliland,” African Arguments, February 6, 2023. https:// africanarguments. org / 2023 / 02 / crisis -i n – lasanod – insecurity – border – disputes – and – the – future – of – somaliland /. 32. Abdi Sheik-Abdi, “Ideology and Leadership in Today’s Somalia,” Northeast African Studies 2/3, no. 3/1 (1980): 145. 33. Samuel M. Makinda, “Politics and Clan Rivalry in Somalia,” Australian Journal of Political Science 26, no. 1 (March 1991): 114. https:// doi. org / 10. 1080 / 00323269108402139. 34. Matt Kennard and Ismail Einashe, “In the Valley of Death: Somaliland’s Forgotten Genocide,” Pulitzer Center, October 22, 2018. https:// pulitzercenter. org / stories / valley – death – somalilands – forgotten – genocide. 35. Marleen Renders, Consider Somaliland: State-Building with Traditional Leaders and Institutions, African Social Studies Series, vol. 26 (Leiden: Brill, 2012): 85. 36. Renders, Consider Somaliland, 91. 37. US Department of State, “Ethnic Cleansing in Kosovo: An Accounting,” December 1999. https:// 1997 – 2001. state. gov / global / human _ rights / kosovoii / pdf / kosovii. pdf. 38. Serbeze Haxhiaj, “Kosovo PM Revives Plan to Sue Serbia for Genocide,” Balkan Transitional Justice, May 24, 2021. https:// balkaninsight. com / 2021 / 05 / 24 / kosovo – pm – revives – plan – to – sue – serbia – for – genocide /. 39. Oliver McPherson-Smith, “Better Off Alone: Somaliland, Institutional Legacy, and Prosperity,” Journal of the Middle East and Africa 12, no. 2 (April 3, 2021): 217. https:// doi. org / 10. 1080 / 21520844 . 2021. 1915649. 40. Per Wam, “Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics” (Washington, DC: The World Bank, January 2005): 11. https:// documents1. worldbank. org / curated / en / 655761468332449283 / pdf / 36 0320SO0Conflict0in0Somalia01PUBLIC1. pdf. 41. For example, none of Somaliland’s land or maritime neighbors—Somalia, Ethiopia, Djibouti, or Yemen—feature the political and civil liberties available in Somaliland or other African democracies. 42. Oliver McPherson-Smith, “Leveraging Low State Capacity for Economic Development: A Case Study of Tajik–Afghan Cross-Border Markets,” Central Asian Survey 14, no. 3 (July 3, 2022): 449. http:// doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02634937. 2021. 1958750. 43. Ibraham Hashi Jama, “The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland,” (Trans.) Somaliland Law, Article 5.1, April 2005. http:// www. somalilandlaw. com / body _ somaliland _ constitution. htm 44. Jama, “The Constitution,” Article 33.2. 45. UN Security Council, Resolution 1244, On the Deployment of International Civil and Security Presences in Kosovo, paragraph 11 (c)–(d), S/RES/1244 § (1999). https:// documents – dds – ny. un. org / doc / UNDOC / GEN / N99 / 172 / 89 / PDF / N9917289. pdf ? OpenElement. 46. The Council of Europe Election Observation Mission in Kosovo, “Kosovo Assembly Elections Bring Democracy Forward and Strengthen Regional Stability,” Council of Europe, November 18, 2001. https:// www. europarl. europa. eu / cmsdata / 212750 / Election _ report _ _ Kosovo _ 17 _ November _ 2001. pdf. 47. The Council of Europe Election Observation Mission in Kosovo, “Preliminary Statement: Observation of the Assembly Elections in Kosovo,” Council of Europe, October 24, 2004. https:// reliefweb. int / report / serbia / preliminary – statement – observation – assembly – elections – kosovo – oct – 2004. 48. Doris Pack, “Ad Hoc Delegation to Observe the Parliamentary Elections in Kosovo,” European Parliament, November 17, 2007. https:// www. europarl. europa. eu / cmsdata / 212683 / Election _ report _ Kosovo _ 17 _ November _ 2007. pdf. 49. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom, “The Religion–State Relationship and the Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: A Comparative Textual Analysis of the Constitutions of Majority Muslim Countries and Other OIC Members,” 2012, 69. https:// www. uscirf. gov / sites / default / files / resources / USCIRF%20Constitution%20Study%202012%20(full%20Text(2)). pdf. 50. Fatos Bytyci, “Headscarf Ban Upsets Devout Muslims in Kosovo,” Reuters, June 24, 2010. https:// www. reuters. com / article / idINIndia – 49612120100624. 51. Xhorxhina Bami and Egzon Dahsyla, “Kosovo Muslims Want Ban on Religious Dress in Schools Lifted,” Balkan Insight, April 1, 2021. https:// balkaninsight. com / 2022 / 04 / 01 / kosovo – muslims – want – ban – on – religious – dress -i n – schools – lifted /. 52. Thomas J. Hellenbrand, “Whose Secularism? Which Laïcité? Negotiating Transnational and National Constitutionalism in Kosovo,” Notre Dame Law Review 97, no. 2 (April 2022): 928. https:// scholarship. law. nd. edu / cgi / viewcontent. cgi ? article =5003 &context =ndlr . The publisher has made this work available under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs license 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0. Copyright © 2023 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University The views expressed in this essay are entirely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers, or Board of Overseers of the Hoover Institution. 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ABOUT THE AUTHORS OLIVER MCPHERSON-SMITH Oliver McPherson-Smith is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution. He holds a PhD in politics from the University of Oxford, an MA in Middle Eastern studies from Harvard University, and a BA in land economy from the University of Cambridge. Prior to pursuing graduate studies, McPherson-Smith enjoyed a career as a broadcast journalist in Africa and the Middle East. About The Caravan Notebook JENDAYI E. FRAZER Jendayi E. Frazer is the Duignan Distinguished Visiting Fellow at the Hoover Institution. Previously she served as the US assistant secretary of state for African affairs, US ambassador to South Africa, and special assistant to the president and senior director for African affairs at the National Security Council. Among her degrees, she holds a PhD in political science from Stanford. The Caravan Notebook is a platform for essays and podcasts that offer commentary on a variety of subjects, ranging from current events to cultural trends, and including topics that are too local or too specific from the larger questions addressed quarterly in The Caravan. We draw on the membership of Hoover’s Herbert and Jane Dwight Working Group on the Middle East and the Islamic World, and on colleagues elsewhere who work that same political and cultural landscape. Russell Berman chairs the project from which this effort originates. The Herbert and Jane Dwight Working Group on the Middle East and the Islamic World The Herbert and Jane Dwight Working Group on the Middle East and the Islamic World studies a range of political, social, and cultural problems in the region with the goal of informing American foreign policy choices and the wider public discussion. The working group draws on the intellectual resources of an array of scholars and practitioners from within the United States and abroad to foster the pursuit of modernity, to combat Islamist radicalism, to promote human flourishing, and to spread the rule of law, human rights, and democratic governance in Islamic lands—developments that are critical to the very order of the international system. The working group is chaired by Hoover fellow Russell Berman. For more information about this Hoover Institution working group, visit us online at hoover. org / research – teams / middle – east – and – islamic – world – working – group. Qaran News

Muqdisho (Caasimada Online) – Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh Maxamuud iyo Hoggaamiyaha Puntland Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni ayaa mid walba si gaar ah wuxuu u tijaabinaya aragti isbeddel ah. Xasan Sheekh wuxuu rabaa isbeddel saameynaya guud ahaan Soomaaliya, halka uu Saciid Deni rabo isbeddel saameynaya Puntland. Labada isbeddelba waxay leeyihiin dad siyaasiyiin ah oo diidan. Deni wuxuu tijaabinaya inuu Puntland ka hirgeliyo nidaamka asxaabta badan iyo qabashada doorasho qof iyo cod ah. Halka uu Xasan Sheekh si heer federaal ah u tijaabinayo inuu beddelo haykalka dowladnimada isaga oo dalka siinaya ku dhaqanka hanaan madaxweyne iyo ku-xigeen, inuu taas meel-mariyo ayaa ku xiran inuu dastuurka dhameystiro oo baarlamaanka mariyo. Labada tijaaba ma sahlana. Madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh ayaa ololihiisi doorashada ku ballan-qaaday in uu dhameystiri doono dastuurka, haddii la doorto. Madaxweyne walba oo tega Villa Somalia ayay taasi qorshaha ugu jirtaa laakiin inta badan waa laga baqaa markii doorashada dhacdo. Farmaajo ayaa 2017-kii xukunka ku qaatay qoddobo ay kamid ahaayeen inuu dhameystiri doono dastuurka, laakiin waa ku dhici waayay intii uu xafiiska joogay. Dadka qaarkii waxay yiraahdan uma aheyn mudnaan ee waa uu awooday in uu dhameystiro. Haddii uu madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh uu taas ku guuleysto waxay ka dhigan tahay inuu xirmay mashruucii ugu dheeraa ee lacag laga bixiyo marka laga hadlayo dowladnimada Soomaaliya. Tijaabinta arrimo waaweyn sida dhameystirka dastuurka iyo isbeddelka hanana dhismeedka qaranka ayaa dhinaca kale lagu fasiri karaa inuu madaxweynaha ku tijaabinayo awooddiisa hoggaamineed. Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni isna culeys badan ayaa ka haysta inuu beddelo habkii lagu imaan jiray xukunka maamulka Puntland. Maamulkaas ayaa tan iyo 1998-dii waxaa madaxda dooran jiray 66 Xildhibaan oo ay soo qoraan odayaasha qabaa’ilka. Inuu Deni beddelo habkan oo uu qabto doorasho qof iyo cod waxay ku jirtay waxyaabihii loo doortay. Waqtiga u dhiman oo aad u yar ayay dadka qaarkii ku diidan yihiin dhaqan-gelinta qorshahaan iyaga oo uga dhex jeeda muddo kororsi. Xasan Sheekh iyo Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni waxay u muuqdan inay ku adkeysanayaan isbeddelada ay damceen ama ay hore u ballan-qaadeen. Waxa laga dhaxli doono haddii ay dhaqan-galaan isbeddeladani ma xuma, laakiin habka ay labadan rabaan inay u dhaqan-galiyaan isbeddeladan ayaa wata xooga cabsi federaal ah iyo mid heer maamul goboleed ah. Isku xaalad kuma sugna madaxweyne Xasan Sheekh iyo hoggaamiye Saciid Cabdullaahi Deni. Mid waxa uu haysta hal bil iyo dhowr cisho si uu isbeddelkiisa u dhaqan-geliyo, midna laba sano iyo bar, waana midda keenaysa in aan isku dhibco la siin marka laga doodayo kuma ayaa haysta fursad uu ku dhaqan-galin karo isbeddelka uu damacsan yahay. Waxaase dhinaca kale jira farqi u dhaxeeya dhinacyada raba inay isku-dayadaan beeniyaan. Xasan Sheekh ayaa wajahaya koox culus laakiin wuxuu haysta waqti uu wax ku kala fur-furi karo. Labadaan isbeddel waa kuwa ugu waaweyn ee maanta ka taagan Soomaaliya, waxaana la eegaya midka dhaqan-gal noqda waqtiyada soo aadan, ama haddii ay labadaba fashilmi karaan. The post Madaxweyne Xasan iyo Deni midkee ayey u toosi doontaa? appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Booliska oo ka Warbixiyay Hawgal lagu soo Qabtay Eedaysaneyaal loo Haysto Dil Fool xun Hargeysa(Qaran news)-Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL ayaa gacanta kusoo dhigay eedeysanayaasha kala ah 1- Xamse Cabdi Saleebaan ina Sahra Cabdi 23jir 2- Ayaanle Muxumed Xaashi ina Faadumo Maxamed 22jir oo ku eedaysan inay 14-11-2023ka Ku dileen marxuum Maxamuud Xasan Dacar ina Qamar Ducaale 46jir Isha Cobosha Masallaha Galbeed kuna dhuftay 9-Mindiyood , kadibna baadhay qaatayna mobile-kiisii , kaasi oo ah marag muujinta loo hayo eedaysanayaasha , marxuumka ayaa ahaa darawal ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka dadweynaha ee loo yaqaan (Probox-ta) , waxaanay yidhaahdeen naga kiree , iyagoo markii dambana halkaasi ku dilay Marxuumka alle ha u naxariistee. Dedaal dheer , hawlgallo iyo baadhid badan oo ay sameeyeen Ciidanka Boolisku ayay kusoo qabteen Eedaysanayashaa , waxaanna hadda ku jiraan gacanta Ciidanka Booliska . Dhanka kale eedaysanayaasha ayaa 3-11-2023kii Sacaadadiin horteeda ka kiraystay gaadhi Vitz ah oo uu watay dhibane Mustafe Cali Cabdilaahi kaasi oo ay la tageen Qudbiga Sheekh Cumar agtiisa kadibna ay dhaawacyo u gaystay , sidoo kalana ka qaaday mobile uu sitay , kana tuuray gaadhigii. Waxaanay gaadhigii kaga tageen meel cidla ah inta ay waxii ku jiray kala baxeen. Ciidanka Boolisku waxuu degdeg u horgaynayaa Sharciga eedaysanayaashaasi . Taliska Ciidanka Booliska JSL waxuu darawallada ku shaqaysta Gaaddiidka yaryar ee kala duwan u soo jeedinayaa inay taxadar badan ka muujiyaan dadka ay qaadayaan , waxii ay ka shakiyaana degdeg ula soo wadagaan Ciidanka Booliska . Ciidanka Boolisku waxa uu ugu baaqaayaa cid kasta oo isku dayda khalkhal galinta nabadgalyada iyo waxyeellada shacabka ina uu tallaabo sharciga waafaqsan ka qaadi doono. Ciidanka Boolisku waxa uu shacabka Somaliland guud ahaantood ku amaanayaa kala shaqaynta amniga iyo xogaha ay mar waliba lasoo wadaagaan, waxa uuna ka codsanayaa in ay kor usii qaadaan lashaqeynta Ciidanka Booliska. Qaran News

Ceeldheer (Caasimada Online) – Ciidamada deegaanka ee Macawiisleyda beesha Waceysle ayaa galabta weerarro culus ku qaaday magaalooyinka Ceeldheer iyo Mesagawaa ee bariga gobolka Galgaduud. Ciidamada ayaa dagaal kala kulmay Shabaab-kii joogay deegaanka Mesagawaa, halkaas oo lagu dilay ugu yaraan laba sarkaal oo ka tirsanaa kooxda Al-Shabaab. Sidoo kale ciidanka Macawiisley ee beesha Waceysle ayaa hub ka furtay kooxda, waxayna kala wareegeen magaalada Mesagawaa, inkastoo Maqribkii ay dib u gurteen oo caawa ay joogaan deegaan lagu magacaabo Cige oo koonfur ka xiga Mesagawaa. Ciidamadaan maanta waxay ku hormareen degmada Ceeldheer, iyagoo si nabad ah kula wareegay magaaladaas oo wax Shabaab ah oo ciidamadu ay iska caabin kala kulmeen aysan joogin. Labo toddobaad gudahood waa markii labaad ee ciidanka Macawiisleyda Waceysle ay weerareen degmada Ceeldheer, iyagoo halkaas ku dilay madaxii Shabaab-ka ee degmada Ceeldheer, iyagoo horjooge kalena nolosha ku soo qabtay. Wixii ka dambeeyey markii sida gaadmada ah ay ciidamadu u weerareen Ceeldheer maalmo ka hor, waxaa isaga cararay xubnihii ka joogay kooxda Al-Shabaab, waxayna Ceeldheer noqotay magaalo haawaneysa. Labo maalmood ka hor waxaa la sheegay in Shabaab ay degmada Ceeldheer ka afduubteen wiil iyo aabihiis, kuwaas oo ka mid ahaa ganacsatada magaalada, waxaana la sheegay inay la aadeen dhanka deegaanka Cowsweyne. Saraakiisha ciidamada deegaanka ee galabta gudaha u galay Ceeldheer iyo Mesagawaa ayaa warbaahinta u sheegay inay sii wadayaan howlgallada oo deegaano hor leh ay sii gaari doonaan. Saraakiisha ayaa sheegay inay soo bandhigi doonaan hubka ay maanta ka furteen kooxda Al-Shabaab, sidoo kale waxay xog ka bixiyeen halka ay aadeen Shabaab-kii isaga cararay Ceeldheer iyo Mesagawaa, deegaanka Cowsweyne ayey sheegeen inay isugu tageen. The post Ciidamada Beesha Waceysle oo la wareegay Ceeldheer iyo Mesagawaa, soona dilay… appeared first on Caasimada Online.

Wasaarada Biyaha ee Somaliland oo Ceel Biyood ka hirgalinaysa deegaanka Faraweyne Hargeysa(Qaran n)-Wasiirka Wasaaradda Biyaha Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland Saleebaan Yuusuf Cali Koore ayaa deegaanka Laaleys ee Degmada Farawayne ka dhaxag dhigay Ceel biyood ay bulshada deegaankaasi aad ugu baahnaayeen,kaasi oo maanta dhagax dhigiisa ay u riyaaqeen. Wasiirka Biyaha Somaliland Saleebaan Yuusuf Cali Koore ayaa sheegay in deegaanka Laaleysku ee Degmada Farawayne uu yahay dhul oomane ah oo uu aad ugu baahnaa in laga hirgaliyo Ceel biyood ay bulshadu kaga haqab belaan baahida biyood ee ka jirta deegaanka. Dhinaca kale wasiirka Biyaha Somaliland ayaa Bulshada degaanka Laaleyska u sheegay in ka Degmo Farawayne ahaan ay xukuumaddu u soo wado riigag kale oo u qoda Ceelal Biyood, waxaanu ku booriyay inay iyaguna soo dhaweeyaan waxaanu yidhi “waan garan karaa ama waan qiyaasi karaa in dhulkani yahay dhul oomane ah oo biyaha aad looga baahan yahay cidii iga horaysay ee u garatay in ay halkan ceelkani yimaado aniguma waan u mahadnaqayaa waxan hawshan bilaabay uun dhawaan, waayo waan ku cusubahay wasaaradda, ILLAAHAY waxa aynu ka baryaynaa ceelkan mid aynu ujeedadaynu kala hayan aynu kagaadhno oo biyo laga helo inoogu dhigo. Gebo’gabdii wasiirka wasaaradda Biyaha ayaa ugu baaqay wadayaasha gaadiidka qodaya ceelashu in ay talada ka sugaan madaxda wasaarada iyo cida aqoonta u leh ceelasha iyo qodistoodu waxaanu yidhi “waxa nagu soo noq-noqotay ceelal badan oo lagac la galiyay oo biyihii iyo ujeedadii lacagta loo galiyay laga waayay ama ha noqoto arrin farsamo ama ha noqoto arrin ku timaada aqoontii oo la aqbali waayay oo laga dhago adaygay ama ha noqoto arrimo sababo kale ay keenaan. Markaa waxaanu rabnaa in aanu isku beegno aqoontii iyo baadhistii iyo habka ugu haboon ee biyaha loo heli karaa inay noqoto si daacad loo wada yahay,inta badana wararka aan hayo Riigaga ayaa khaladku ka yimaadaa, taasi waxay keenaysaa Riigaga iyo dadka ka shaqaynaya in aynu si dhaw ula socono oo khaladaadkan intay sameeyaan sadex boqol oo kun oo Dollar iyo laba boqol oo kun oo Dollar inta meel la galiyo uu ninka Riiga wataa intuu marna galiyo marna ka saaro oo iska dhaqaaqo inuu meesha ka baxo ayaan rajayn doonaa inta aan wasaaradda joogo’’. Qaran News