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Ahmed_Guree

Dhibatada Geeska Africa Ethio Vs Somali

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Boqortooyada Ethiopia Si aan u fahanno asalka khilaafaadka Soomaliweyn iyo qowmiyadaha Tigre-Amhariga, waxaa haboon in aan taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia dib u raadqaadno illaa aan ka gaarno boqortooyadii Aksum oo ahayd boqortooyadii ugu muhiimsanayd ee soo marta taariikhda

Ethiopia.

 

 

Waxaad qormooyinkeenna soo socda ka dhadhansan-doontaa sida dhacdooyinkii soo maray boqortooyadan reer Aksum ay saamaynta (aan tooska ahayn) ugu yeesheen khilaafka Soomaalida iyo Tigree Amhaarada, inkastoo xilligaas aanay jirin wax khilaaf ah oo kusugan buugaagta taariikhda inta aan anigu ka akhriyey.

 

 

Laakiin waxaan dareemay in ay lagama maarmaan tahay in wax laga ogaado taariikhda boqortooyada Aksum mar hadiiba laga hadlayo khilaafka Soomaalida iyo Ethiopia, si ay ugu yaraan akhristaha ugu noqoto hordhac gaaban oo u sahali kara in uu waxuun ka fahmo qaab-dhismeedka boqortooyada Xabashida.

 

 

I. Reer Aksum

Aksum, waxay ahayd boqortooyadii ugu horaysay ee Ethiopia waxaana loogu magacdaray caasumaddii xilligaas gobolka Tigre ee Aksum. Waxaa laxusaa in boqortooyadani ay soo bilaabatay qarnigii Koowaad ee miilaadiga; qiyaastii qarnigii Afraadna waxaa la rumaysanyahay in ay qaadatay diinta Masiixiga ee Nabi Ciise (Naxariis iyo nabadgelyo korkiisa ha ahaato). Intaanan faah-faahinta boqortooyada Aksum aanan u gelin waxaan jeclaystay in aan isla xusuusanno, si kooban, sidoo kale assalka magacyada Ethiopia iyo Xabasha halka ay iyaguna taariikh ahaan kasoo jeedaan.

 

Ethiopia waa magac assalkiisu uu luuqadda Greek kasoo jeedo, micnihiisuna uu yahay "Dadkii wajiyada gubnaa" (Burned faces) oo reer Greek ugu yeeri jireen dadkii kunoola dhulka Suudaan iyo Ethiopia amaba dadka madoow ee qaaradda Afrika ee dhulkaas kunoolaa.

 

 

Waxaa larumaysanyahay in magaca Ethiopia uu bilaamay Qarnigii Afraad ( Ethiopia, The unknown land, bogga.19) Xabasha waxay iyana luuqad ahaan kasoojeeddaa dhulka carabta, laakiin guud ahaan magaca uu dhulka Ethiopia xilligaas uu caanka ku ahaa waxa uu ahaa Aksum oo loogu magacdaray boqortooyada reer Aksum.

 

 

Waxaa la rumaysanyahay in boqorkii ugu horeeyey ee reer Aksum ee qaata diinta Masiixiga uu ahaa boqor Ezan sanadkii 340 miilaadiga; laakiin waxaad ku arkaysaa buugaagta kale ee taariikhda Ethiopia wax ka qoray in labadii boqor ee mataanaha ahaa ee reer Aksum, boqor Atsbeha iyo Abraha ay iyagu ahaayeen boqorradii ugu horreeyey ee reer Aksum ah oo qaata

diinta masiixiga.

 

 

Boqor Abraha, oo ay taariikdiisa si fiican uga hadleen buugaagta taariikhda ee Islaamka, Quraankuna uu kaga hadlay dhacdadii Maroodiga, wuxuu ahaa boqorkii reer Aksum ee weeraray Kacbada waxyar

kahor dhalashadii nabi Muxamed (naxariis iyo nabdgelyo korkiisa ha ahato)

Labadaan boqor, Atsbeha iyo Abraha qiyaastii laba qarni ayay ka danbeeyeen boqor Esankii aynu soo sheegnay in uu ahaa buqorkii ugu horeeyey ee reer Aksum ah ee qaata diinta Masiixiga.

 

 

Sida taariikhda kusugan, Boqor Atsbeha, oo loo yaqaanay boqor Kaleb,

wuxuu ku duulay oo qabsaday qaybo kamid ah dhullka Yaman; gaar ahaan dhulkii ay maamulaysay boqortooyadii Yuhuudda ee ka dhisnayd Ximyar qarnigii Lixaad ee uu boqorka ka ahaa Boqor Yusuf Asar Yathar. Sabata

keentay qabsashada boqor Atsbehe uu qabsaday boqortooyada Ximyar waxaa lagu tilmaamaa in ay timid kagadaal markii Boqortooyada Ximyar ay dad masiixiyiin ah ku laysay dhulkii ay maamulaysay.

 

 

Boqorrada Reer Aksum dabcan masiixiyiin bay ahaayeen, taas ayaana

sabab looga dhigi karaa duulaanka reer Aksaum ee koonfurta carabta inkastoo ay jiri karaan sababo kale.

 

Qarnigii 6aad, oo ay awoodda dhaqaale, siyaasad iyo ciidan ee Boqortooyada reer Aksum isa soo tartay, waxaa markan lasoo guboonaaday dhibaato weyn oo xitaa gilgishey dhulkii ay assal ahaan kasoo jeeday ee waqooyiga Ethiopia ee Aksum. Imbaratooriyaddii Furus ama Persia oo xilliyadaas ahayd mid kamid ah labadii quwadood ee jirey waxay markan go'aansatay in reer Aksum koonfurta Carabta laga saaro. Persianku waxay sanadkii 570 kusoo weerareen Boqortooyadii Aksum ee ka dhisnayd yaman 8 doonyood iyo 800 oo ciidan ah ( History of Ethiopia, Marcus, bogga.10).

 

 

Xilligaas ay sii yaraanaysay awoodda boqortooyada reer Aksum oo ku xirnayd Imratooriyaddii Ruum (Rome Empire) oo iyana ahayd quwadda kale ee loolanku ka dhexeeyey reer Furus ama Persia, waxaa garab socday in Islaamku ku fidayey dhulka Shaam. Sanadkii 636 miilaadiga, Islaamku wuxuu gaaray Qudus illaa Dimishiq. Afar sano kadibna Masar waxay hoostagtay khilaafadii Islaamka ee ka dhisnayd Madiina.

 

 

Mar haddii Persianku riday boqortooyadii reer Aksum ee Yaman ka jirtay, Islaamkuna kala dhexgalay reer Aksum iyo Ruum taas oo keenatay in uu go'o xidhiidhkii iyo isu socodkii ka dhexeeyey Ruum(Rome Empire) iyo

boqortooyadii Aksum ,jihada kaliya ee u furnayd boqortooyada Aksum waxay noqotay in ay u soo fiddo dhinaca koonfureed iyo dhulka Amxaarada.

 

 

Xilligaas ka hor xidhiidhka ka dhexeeyey Boqortooyadii Aksum iyo Islaamka wuxuu ahaa mid heerar kala duwan soo maray. Boqor Najaasha, boqorkii reer Aksum ee la kowsaday bilowgii Islaamka wuxuu Nabi Maxamed (SCW) uu ku tilmaamay in uu yahay boqor caaddil ah oo aan

agtiisa cidna lagu dulmin.

 

 

Waxaa magan-galyo ka helay dhulka boqor Najaashe ilaa 40 saxaabi oo uu kamid ahaa Jacfar sida ay kutubta Siiradu qoraan oo kasoo cararay dhibkii kajiray Makka ee ay Qurayshtu ku haysay Muslimiinta.

 

 

Laakiin dhinaca kale markii xilli kaas ka danbeeyey uu xirmay marinkii reer Aksum ay u sii marijireen Imratooriyaddii Ruum, sidaan soo xusnay,

waxay bilaabeen in ay samaystaan burcad badeed ay ugu talagaleen in ay ku carqaladeeyaan ganacsigii isaga dhexgooshi jirey Badda Cas oo markan ay maamulkeeda gacanta ku hayaan muslimiintu.

 

 

Sanadkii 702dii waxay Boqortooyada Aksum weerartay xeebta Jidda, waxaana xusan in ay mar qabsadeen dekedda Jidda oo aad ugu dhow Makka ( History of Ethiopia, A.H.M jones and E. Monroe. bogga.45).

Falalkan ay sameeyeen burcad badeedda reer Aksum waxay sabab u noqotay in Muslimiintu ay yimaadaan xeebta, badda Cas, dhinaca Africa ee ay maamulayeen boqortooyada Aksum.

 

 

Waxay dhacdooyinkan intooda badani ku beegnaayeen xilligii khilaafada Umawiyiinta, gaar ahaan Waliid Ibn-Cabdulmalik Ibn-Marwaan ee bilowgii

qarnigii 8aad jirtay. Waxay khilaafada Waliid soo afjartay burcad badeeddii reer Aksum.

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Boqortooyada Amxaarada Inta aynaan ugudagelin sida ay ugu soo wareegtay nidaamka boqortooyada Qoomiyadda Amxaarada, oo muddo 7

qarni ah oo ay soo jirtay (laga soobilaabo qarnigii 13aad, ilaa laga soo gaaro boqor Haile Selassie, 1974) uu soo socday khilaafka Soomaliweyn iyo Ethiopia (Intiisa badan), waxaan gaarnay qormadeenii hore xilli boqortooyada Aksum ay sii liicday kadib markii ay saamayn kuyeesheen jiritaankeeda dhawr waxyaabood oo lafdhabar u noqday bur-burkii kuyimid dhismaheedii xoogga badnaa.Islaamku wuxuu soo gaaray xeebaha Badda Cas dhinaca Africa, waxaana yaraaday miisaankii boqortooyada Aksum ay kulahayd xeebaha Badda Cas.

 

 

Awooddeedii baahsanayd ee gaartay koonfurta carabta, gaar ahaan Yaman oo dhamaatay kadib markii Persia ama Furus ay qabsatay dhulkii ay reer Aksum joogeen.

 

 

Dhibaato dhaqaale oo si ba'an u soo foodsaartay boqortooyada xarunteedii kadib markuu go'ay

xidhiidhkii ay lalahaayeen caalamka, gaar ahaan Ruum (Rome Empire) oo ay u dhoofinjireen foolka maroodiga, hargaha, iyo dadka addoonta laga dhigto.

 

 

Intaas oo caqabadood markii ay wiiqeen boqortooyadii reer Aksum ee kudhawaad 10ka qarni soo jirtay, waxay markaan u jilbajabtay, xarumaheediina kusoo duulay qarnigii 9aad ciidan ay hogaaminayso haweenay boqorad ahayd oo kasooduushay dhul xarumihii Aksum kaga

beegnaa galbeedka sida uu qoray qoraa carbeed oo lagu magacaabijirey Ibin-Hawqal.

 

 

Boqorkii ugu danbeeyey reer Aksum, boqor Hadani waxaa goobtaas kudilay ciidankii ay hogaaminaysay Boqoraddii duullaanka ku

timid.

 

 

Nidaamkii boqortooyada Ethiopia wuxuu ku wareegay qarnigii 10aad dad lagu magacaabi jirey Zagwa. Hadii aan dhexgalno taariikhda Zagwahan, waxaan ka habaabaynaa yoolkii aan ugu talagalnay in aan gaarno oo ahaa "Assalka Khilaafka Soomaaliweyn iyo Ethiopia."

 

 

Sidaas awgeed waxaan u tallaabaynaa bilowgii qarnigii 13aad ee aynu hordheceennii ku halqabsanay in uu ahaa bilowga is-hardiga Soomaaliweyn iyo Ethiopianka.

 

 

i. Boqor Yekunno Amlak Sanadkii 1270kii, waxaa dhulka Ethiopia ka abuurmay boqortooyo ay hogaaminayso Qowmiyadda Amxaarada.

 

 

Boqor Yekunno Amlak oo ahaa boqorkii ugu horeeyey ee boqortooyadan cusub abaabulay wuxuu ka takhalusay boqortooyadii Zagwaha. Durbaba waxay boqortooyadan cusub aas-aas kadhigatay si ay u kasbato shacbka Ethiopia, intii markaas Kiristanka ahaa, laba arimood oo marwalba taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia muhiim u ahaa.

 

 

Ugu horaynba in nidaamkan cusub uu ku qotomo nidaamkii iyo diintii nabi Sulaymaan (NNK); boqor Yekunna Amlak qudhiisuna uu farac ahaan kasoojeedo durriyaddii nabi Sulaymaan iyo boqoraddii Saba,Balqiis (Boqoraddii Yaman).

 

 

Durba awoodii boqortooyada Amxaaradu wuxuu ku baahay dhulka Ethiopia, waxayna taageera ballaaran ka heshay dhamman kaniisadihii Ethiopia kajiray xilligaas oo muddo u haraad qabay in ay dib usoo noqoto boqortooyo kudhisan waxyaabihii ay aaminsanaayeen.

 

 

Inkastoo ay boqortooyadan boqor Amlak ay ku guulaysatay kasbashada dad farabadan oo Ethiopian ah, hadana waxaa hortaagan oo aysan ka gudbi karin, haddii aysan xal u helin, isla caqabaddii boqortooyaddii Aksum soo waajahday oo ahayd "Islaamkii oo ka fadhiya marinkii caalamka ay u marilahayd, Badda Cas.

 

 

Waxaa iyana caqabad kale ku noqotay sida ay ula xiriiri doonto kaniisaddii ay taariikh ahaan kaniisadaha Ethiopia kuxirnaayeen ee Alexandria oo markan ku hoosjirta Imaarada Muslimiinta ee Masar. Labadaas arimood oo isbiirsaday waxay ku keentay boqor Yekunno Amlak in uu ku fekero in uu cilaaqaad dhow la yeesho dhulkii ay Islaamku maamulayeen sida Masar, Yaman iyo Saldanaddii Muslimiintu ay ku lahaayeen dhulka waqooyiga Ethiopia, laga bilaabo agagaarka gobolka Shawa illaa laga gaaro xeebta badda Cas, ee lagu magacaabi jiray IFAT.

 

 

Sanadkii 1273kii, boqor Yakunno Amlak wuxuu warqado ukala diray labadii xaakim ee ka ariminayey Masar iyo Yaman; waxuuna ka dhaadhiciyey in boqortooyadiisu ay xiriir fiican laleedahay dadyawga muslimiinta ah ee ay dariska yihiin, isagoo xusay in xitaa ciidankiisa ay ku jiraan ciidan muslimiin ah oo fardoolay ah ( The Ethiopians,

Pankhurst. Bogga. 76) Boqortooyadan aan xusnay in ay boqorro kayihiin qowmiyadda Amxaarada waxay xarumaheeda u soowareejisay dhulka Shawa, waxayna garabka ku qabatay Saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee IFAT. Labadaan quwadood ee isdhinac yaal, kasakoow xidhiidhka ganacsi oo kadhexeeyey, waxaa misana kala dhexmaray dagaallo goos-goos ah oo hadba mid looga xoogroonaanayey. Labadooduba, si fiican ayay taariikhda Boqortooyadii Aksum uga dheregsanyihiin.

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ii. Boqor Amada Tseyon ((1314-1344)

Waxaad intabadan aad ku arkaysaa buugaagta ay qoraayahanada qoraaladooda kugarab istaaga Ethiopia, waxna ka qora dhacdooyinkii taariikhiga ahaa ee soomaray Geeska Afrika, gaar ahaan Qarnigii 16aad oo caan ku ahaa dagaaladii dhexmaray Muslimiinta oo uu hormood u ahaa Imaam Axmed Ibin Ibrahim (Axmed Gurey) iyo boqortooyadii Ethiopia ee ay garwadeenada ka ahaayeen qowmiyadda Amxaarada,

 

 

in Imaam Axmed uu ahaa dhiig-yacab dad iyo duunyaba ka idleeyey dhulka sare ee Ethiopia ee labada qowmiyadood ee Amxarada iyo Tigregu ay degenaayeen; iyo in uu ahaa isagu kan bilaabay duulaanka kusalaysan gardarada ee lagu ciribtirayey dad kirishtan ahaa oo kudhexnool badweyn muslimiin ah.

 

 

Waxay qoraayahanadani ay marwalba iska indha tirayeen xasuuqii, iyo barakicintii qarniyada socday ee uu nidaamkii boqortooyada Ethiopia kuhayey

qowmiyadaha kale ee kunool Geeska Africa kahor inta aanuu iman duulaanka Imaam Axmed iyo qabaa'iladii Soomaalida ee ku garb istaagay sida ku cad buugga Tuxfatu-Alzamaan ama Futuux Al-Xabasha ee uu qoray qoraagii goobjoogga u ahaa dhacdooyinkaas ee lagu magacaabi jiray Shihaabudiin Ibin-Cabdulqaadir Al-Jiizaani.

 

 

Waxay Qoraayahanadani mararka qaar ay kusheegaan boqorka nidaamkiisu uu gaysto xasuuqa iyo bililiqada ugu badan in u ahaa halyey diffaacay jiritaanka mustaqbalka Ethiopia.

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon (1314-1344), oo ay qowmiyadda Amxaaradu rumaysanyihiin in uu guulo ballaran ka gaaray dagaaladii ay kula jireen Immaaradihii Muslimiinta sida IFAT iyo ADAL bilowgii qarnigii 14aad, wuxuu dhinaca kale (Muslimiinta) ugu muuqday dhiigyacab xasuuq iyo boob ku hayey shucuub farabadan oo ku noolaa Geeska Afrika iyo hantidoodaba.

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon waxay xukunka boqortooyadiisu kusalaysnayd dhulballaarsi, illaa ay isaga iyo askartiisu isku khilaafeen ku adkaysashadiisii uu ku adkaystay in uu gaaro dhulkii Soomaalidu ay daganayd, sida Zaylac, kadib markii uu cagta soo mariyey dhul farabadan oo ay kunoolaayeen qowmiyadda Cafarta oo iyagu lafdhabar u ahaa nidaamkii IFAT ee kadhisnaa xeebaha Badda Cas illaa agagaarka dhulka Shawa oo ay maanta xaruntiisa ugu mihiimsan ay tahay Adisababa.

 

 

Xilliga uu boqorkan, Amada Tseyon, uu duullaanka kujiray, waxaa dhibaatooyinkii uu geystay ay inta badan kuwajahnaayeen dhulkii ay maamulaysay Imaarada IFAT ee aynu horay u soo sheegnay in uu ahaa dhulkii ay beecshiradu uga soo degeysay ugana dhoofaysay boqortooyada Ethiopia kadib heshiisyo ay horay u wada galeen labada maamul.

 

 

Immaarada muslimiinta ee IFAT waxaa hogaamiye u ahaa Amiir Xaqu-diin oo larumaysanyahay in uu kasoojeedo qowmiyadda Cafarta ee maanta ku kalanool Ethiopia, Djibouti iyo qaybo kamid ah dhulka Eritrea.

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon oo laqabkiisu ama naanaystiisu ay ahayd "Gebra Maskal" oo micnaheedu yahay "Addoonkii Iskutilaabta" , (Slave of the Cross), wuxuu duulaan ballaran uu ku bixiyey Imaaraddii IFAT, waxayna ciidankiisu qabsadeen xarumihii Imaarada, waxayna goobtaas ku dileen Amiir Xaqu-diin.

 

 

Dhacdadaas kadib, waxaa dib u abaabulay ciidamadii IFAT wiilkii uu dhalay Xaqu-diin oo la oranjiray Darader, laakiin ciidamadiisii waxaa iyana ku dhacay jab lamid ah kii ciidamadii Xaqu-diin uu kala kulmay ciidanka Boqor Tseyon, taas oo isana markiisa, Darader, lagu dilay dagaaladaas.

 

 

Wixii ka haray Imaaradii IFAT iyo ciidankeedii waxaa dib usoo abaabulay, hogaamiyena u noqday sanadkii 1332kii Amiir Xaqqu-diin walaalkiis oo lagu magacaabijiray Sabru-diin.

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon oo dareemay in uu markan ka awoodroonaaday, kalana firdhiyey Imaaradii IFAT, wuxuu kusoo bixiyey Amiirka cusub ciidan aad u ballaaran kaas oo gebi ahaanba lawareegay Imaaradii IFAT dhulkii ay ka talinaysay oo dhan iyo xarumaheedii. Ciidanka Amada Tseyon waxay halkaas ka geysteen xasuuq ba'an oo uu Boqorkuna si aad ah ugu riyaaqay sida qoraalkan hoose ka muuqda: "Ciidamada Amada Tseyon waxay soo galeen xarumihii Sabru-diin, waxayna boobeen wax alla wixii ay hanti ka heleen sida Dahabka, Qalinka , dharka iyo dhagaxaanta qaaliga ah; waxayna dileen ragbadan, haween badan, dad waayeel ah, iyo caruur....

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon wuxuu aad ugu farxay warkan, wuxuuna u mahad celiyey ilaahay."

 

 

REf; ( The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles, by Richard Pankhurst, Bogga: 17, Sadarada 7-12 iyo sadarka 25.

Published by Oxford University Press in 1967)

 

Book Note: Their habit of eating raw meat has a

patriotic origin. "They say that when Abyssinia was

attacked by the Muhammadans, they were compelled to

fly to the forests which covered a large part of the

country, and in order to render their security

complete they were compelled to eat their meat raw

lest the enemy should trace them by their fires"

(Slaves and Ivory in Abyssinia, Major Henry Darley.

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Qabsashadii 1aad ee Zaylac (1403)

 

 

iii. Boqor Safya Arad, Wudem Asfare, iyo Dawit I (1344-1411) Inta aynaan hangoolkeena taariikhda ku soo qaban boqorradan sadexda ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in aan gunaanadno taariikhda boqor Amada Tseyon.

 

 

Boqor Amada Tseyon kolkii uu qabsaday dhulkii ay ka talinaysay saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee IFAT, wuxuu gacanyare u maamula u doortay Amiir Sabru-diin walaalkiis, Jamaalu-diin. Wuxuu u bixiyey "Boqorka Muslimiinta oo dhan."

 

 

Wixii wakhtigaas ka danbeeyey, wuxuu Boqor Amada Tseyon duulaankiisa u soo wareejiyey Saldanaddii Adal ama Zaylac ee ku baahsanayd inta u dhaxeeysey bariga gobolka Shewa illa xeebta Zaylac. Boqorku, Amada, wuxuu ballan ku qaaday in uusan dagaalka joojinayn illaa uu gebi ahaanba cagta mariyo Adal.

 

 

Amiir Jamaalu-diin, oo u adkaysan waayey dhibaatada boqor Amada Tseyon uu ku hayey shucuubta Muslimiinta, wuxuu ka codsaday boqorka in uu guud ahaanba ciidankiisa kala baxo dhulkii uu qabsaday, kuna celiyo dhulkii ay ka yimaadeen, isla mar ahaantaasna uu joojiyo duulaanka uu ku hayo Imaarada Zaylac.

 

 

Amada Tseyon ma siin wax ahmiyad ah talada uu Amiir Jamaalu-diin u soo jeediyey, wuxuuna sii waday colaadii uu ku hayey dhulkii muslimiinta intii markaas gacantiisa ku jirtay iyo Adal oo uu ku hanweynaa in uu mar uun ka takhalusi doono.

 

 

Waxaan kaga baxaynaa taariikhda boqor Amada Tseyon qoraal kooban oo uu qoray qoraa carbeed oo lagu magacaabi jiray Ibn Fadlallah Al-Cumari, kaas oo sifaynaya habdhaqankii boqorka Ethiopia, Amada Tseyon:

"Marka mid kamid ah boqorada Muslimiinta ee hoosjoogay boqor Amada Tseyon uu geeriyoodo, ayna jiraan wiilal uu dhalay boqorka geeriyooday, wuxuu mid walba (wiilashiisu) isku dayi jiray in uu helo boqor Amada Tseyon kalsoonidiisa; maxaa yeelay Boqorka (Amada) ayaa ah kan dooranaya wiilka xukunka qabanaya" (ee dhaxlaya aabihiis) ( The Ethiopians by Pankhurst. bogga: 75 published by Blackwell) Markuu geeriyooday boqor Amada Tseyon, waxaa halgankiisii iyo hammigiisii ku dhisnaa in uu mar'uun hanan doono dhulka imaarada Adal ama Zaylac sii waday wiilkiisii ka dhaxlay taajka boqortooyada, Safya Arad.

 

 

Boqor Safya Arad (1344-1372), oo naanaystiisu ahayd "Nawaya Kristos" (Vessel of Mary) wuxuu talada boqortooyada hayey muddo 28 sanadood ah. Wuxuu ahaa sida taariikhda ku sugan siyaasi ruug cadaa ah.

 

 

Wuxuuna inta badan u isticmaalay dhulka Muslimiinta siyaasad ku dhisan "Qaybi oo xukun" taas oo u suurto gelisay in uusan inta badan adeegsan awood ciidan.

 

 

Safya Arad kolkii uu geeriyooday waxaa kala wareegay kursiga boqortooyada wiilkiisii Wudem Asfare (1372-1382) Waxaa isna sida caadada boqortooyada Amxaaradu ay ku dhisnayd uu la baxay naanays "Newaya Mariam" ( Vessel of Mary) wuxuuna 10kii sano ee uu xukunka hayey dagaal kula jiray imaarada Adal inkastoo uusan ku guulaysan in uu Zaylac qabsado.

 

 

Markuu isna geeriyooday boqor Wudem Asfare, waxaa isna dhaxalka boqortooyada la wareegay walaalkiis, boqor Dawit I (1382-1411) oo ahaa wiilkii labaad ee boqor Safya Arad.

 

 

Boqor Dawit I wuxuu ku guulaystay in uu jiiro ciidankii Muslimiinta Adal oo markan uu hormuud u ahaa Amiir Sacdu-diin; wuxuuna dagaal kharaar oo labada ciidan dhexmaray kadib boqor Dawit I ku dilay Amiirkii Zaylac, Sacdu-diin.

 

 

Sandkii 1403, waxaa boqor Dawit I u suurto gashay qabsashada dekedda Zaylac oo halbowle u ahayd imaaraddii Adal. Waxay ciidanka boqor Dawit I Zaylac ka gaysteen xasuuq iyo bililiqo lamid ah tii awowgiis, boqor Amada Tseyon uu ka geystay xarumihii IFAT 50 sano ka hor.

 

Book Note: Somali Prime Minister, Mohamed Xaaji

Ibrahim Cigal voiced a warning to Emperor Haile

Selassie in June 1969

 

" At this moment reports are coming to my office from

various regional governors that the Ethiopian

authority in ****** and elsewhere in the Somali

territory are trying to enforce upon the nomadic

community the payment of a (Head) tax (on animals)

called gibir"...... "The Somali Government cannot be

immune to the situation in the territories and the

plight of its policy and will seek the intervention of

the Emperor ( Haile Selassie) and his government in

Adis-Ababa."

 

Somali News, June 20, 1969

 

(Ethiopia, Hess P: 231 published by Cornell

University Press in 1970)

 

fadlan wali qoraalkan waxaa iskaleh shaqsiga ku hoos

qoran ee hadii aad u baahato waxaa fiican in aad

ixtiraamto shaqsiga ku bixiyay waqtiga badan ,

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iV Boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468)

 

Inta aynan dhex gelin taariikhda boqorkan, Zara Yakob,

oo ka mid ahaa boqorradii ugu muhiimsanaa ee soo

maray taariikhda Ethiopia, waxaa haboon in aan si

kooban u xusno inta boqor ee xukunka boqortooyada

Ethiopia iska dhaxlay mudadii u dhaxaysay boqor Amada

Tseyon (1314-1344) iyo boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468) oo

qormadeena maanta aan si kooban uga hadli doono.

Boqradan intooda badan kagama aynaan soo hadlin

qormooyinkeenii hore, maxaa yeelay in badan oo iyaga

ahi kuma negaan kursiga boqortooyada muddo dheer, mana

lahayn miisaan hogaamineed oo lamid ah midka boqorrada

aan qormooyinkeena kuxusnay ama aan ku xusidoonno;

sidaas darteed waxaan muujinaynaa oo kaliya magaca

boqorka iyo taariikhda uu soo hayey xukunka

boqortooyada Ethiopia:

 

Amada Tseyon...... ..... (1314-1344)

 

Safya Arad........ ......... ..(1344-1372)

 

Wudem Asfare...... ........ (1372-1382)

 

Dawit I........... ......... .... (1382-1411)

 

Tewodros I........... ........ (1413-1414)

 

Yesak....... ......... ......... . (1414-1429)

 

Endreyas.... ......... ......... (1429-1430)

 

Takla Maryam...... ......... . (1430-1433)

 

Sarwa Iyasus...... ......... . ( 1433)

 

Amada Iyasus...... ......... (1433-1434)

 

Zara Yakob....... ......... .. (1434-1468)

 

Boqor Zara Yakob (1434-1468) oo ah wiilkii ugu yaraa

ee boqor Dawit I-kii aynu soo sheegnay in uu ahaa

boqorkii reer Ethiopia ee sanadkii 1403 qabsaday

Zaylac, waxaa lagu tilmaamaa in uu ahaa boqor

kali-taliye ahaa. Wuxuu xilka boqortooyada hayey muddo

34 sano ah.

Waxyaabaha sida aadka ah loogu xasuusto boqorkan waxaa

ugu muhiimsan dilkii uu dilay haweenaydiisii, Seyon

Mogasa, oo uu ku eedeeyey in ay maleegaysay shirqool

ka dhan ah boqorka Ethiopia, boqor Zara Yakob.

Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu yaraantiisii qaybo kamid ah

tacliinta diinta Kirishtanka ku soo qaatay Aksum,

kadibna wuxuu ku xarooday xarun si gaar ah loogu barto

ku takhasuska diinta kirishtanka oo ku taalay Shire,

laguna magacaabi jiray Debra Abbay.

Sida caadada boqorrada reer Ethiopia ay ahayd, boqor

Zara Yakob wuxuu isna markiisa la baxay naanaysta "

Kwestantinos" ama Constantine oo uu malaha uu ku

ixtiraamayey boqorkii Ruum, Constantine Emperor,

285-337

Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu door muhiim ah ka qaatay,

mudadii uu xukunka hayey, xoojinta ku dhaqanka diinta

Kirishtanka . Wuxuu xukunka boqortooyada Ethiopia u

fidiyey Koonfurta iyo bariga. Wuxuu amar ku bixiyey in

qofkasta oo Ethiopian ahi uu madaxa ku xirto calaamad

muujinaysa in uu yahay qof haysta diinta Kirishtanka,

isilamar-ahaantaasn a u dhaar la galo (bayco)

boqortooyada.

Boqor Zara Yakob wuxuu caasimadda boqortooyada

Ethiopia u wareejiyey waqooyiga Shawa, wuxuuna xarun

kadhigtay Debra Birhan oo ahaa qasri aad u qurux

badan. Wakhtigaas Muslimiinta reer Adal ama Zaylac

waxay gacanta ku hayeen ganacsigii u dhexeeyey Zaylac

oo ahayd dekked muhiim ah iyo dhulkii kale ee

Muslimiinta sida, Ifat, Fatigar, Dawaro iyo Bale.

Sidaan horay u soo xusnay boqor kasta oo reer Ethiopia

ah wuxuu awwoodda saaraa marwalba sidii uu

marin-badeed u heli lahaa; sidaas darteed boqor Zara

Yaqub wuxuu culayska saaray xeebaha Eritrea oo kamid

ahaa dhulkii Muslimiinta, islamarkaasna aad ugu dhawaa

gobolka Tigray. Sanadihii 1448-1449kii wuxuu abaabulay

ciidan, wuxuuna isugu geeyey dhulka Eritrea, kadibna

wuxuu ku weeraray Musawac iyo Jasiiradihii Dahlak.

Dhanka kale, Zara Yakub, wuxuu duulaan ku qaaday Amiir

Axmed Badley Sa'du-diin oo wakhtiyadaas u talinayey

Saldanaddii Zaylac ama Adal oo ahayd imaarada

muslimiinta ee xilliyadaas ugu awwoodda roonayd. Warka

dagaaladan uu Boqor Zara Yaqub kawaday dhulka

Muslimiinta wuxuu gaaray qaaradda Yurub, wuxuuna aad u

farxad geliyey maamuladii iyo boqortooyadii ka

dhisnayd dhulka Yurub oo ku fakaray in ciidanka

Ethiopia uu yahay ciidanka jabin kara Muslimiintii

Masar, Sham, iyo Jaziiradda Carabta oo dhan.

Sidoo kale boqor Zara Yakub iyo maamulkii ka dhisnaa

Masar waxaa dhexmaray khilaaf aad u xooggan, kaas oo

keenay in boqor Zara Yakub uu ku hanjabo in uu leexsan

doono biyaha wabiga Nile. Sida dadka ku xeel dheer

taariikhda Ethiopia ay xusaan, Boqorka Ethiopia, Zara

Yakob, wuxuu aad uga carooday warar sheegayey in

kaniisad kutaal Masar ay maamulka muslimiintu

burburiyeen.

 

Book Note: Imiir Nur was Imam Ahmedi's nephew:

 

"Imam Ahmed Grang's (Gurey) widow returned to Harar to

rally his lieutenants to continue attacking

Ethiopians. She agreed to marry Grangs's (Imam Ahmed)

nephew, Nur Ibn Mujahid, on condition that he would

avenge Grang's (Imam Ahmed) defeat."

 

(Layers of Time, by Paul B. Henze. P: 89 published by

St. Martin's Press, New York in 2000)

 

fadlan waxaa iskaleh qoraalkan shaqsiga ku hoos qoran

ee adiga oo xushmayn haya shaqsiga ku bixiyay waqtiga

iyo xooga ku xushmee

 

mujahid sheikh ibraahim

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V. Boqor Ba'eda Maryam iyo Boqorad Elena

 

Inta aynaan isha marin taariikhda boqor Ba'eda iyo

boqoradda Elena, waxaa xusuusin mudan in taariikhda

Immaam Axmed iyo dagaaladii baaxadda laha ee uu la

galay boqortooyada Ethiopia (gaar ahaan Boqor Lebna

Dengal, wiilkiisii Gelowdewos, iyo boqortooyadii

Portugueseka ee gurmadka u fidisay) ay ina soo hayso

oo aan taxanahan qaybo badan oo kamid ah si

faahfaahsan uga hadli doonno; sidaas darteed, waxaan

jeclaystay in aynaan ku degdegin bilowga taariikhda

Imaam Axmed illaa aan halkeeda ugu tagayno.

 

Boqor Ba'eda Maryam (1468-1478)

Waxaan horay uga soo warbixinay, qormadeenii tan ka

horaysay, ciqaabtii boqor Zara Yakob uu ku qaaday

xaaskiisii, Seyon Mogasa, kadib kolkuu ku eedeeyey in

ay mu'aamarad ka dhan ah boqor Zara Yakob, oo ay ku

doonaysay in ay xukunka kaga wareejiso, ay faraha la

gashay. Seyon Mogasa, waxay ahayd boqor Ba'eda Maryam

hooyadiis, sidaas darteed, arintan waxay Ba'eda Maryam

ku keentay, yaraantiisii, cabsi aad u badan oo uu ka

qabay in uu aabihiis, Zara Yakob, marin doono ciqaab

lamid ah tan uu hooyadiis mariyey.

 

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Boqor Zara Yakob wax ciqaab ah

ma marin wiilkiisa, wuxuuna u diyaariyey in uu ka

dhaxlo taajka boqortooyada Ethiopia. Sidaas ayuuna

boqor Ba'eda Maryam kula wareegay maamulka

boqortooyadii Amxaarada sanadkii 1468kii kadib kolkii

aabihiis u geeriyooday xannuun muddo hayey.

 

Waxyaabaha sida gaarka ah loogu xasuusto boqor Ba'eda

Maryam (the hand of Mary) ama gacantii Maryam oo lagu

magacaabi jiray Dawit, waxaa kamid ah dhisitaankii

kaniisaddii sida weyn caanka u ahayd ee "Atronsa

Maryam" sidoo kale wuxuu amar ku bixiyey in lafihii

boqorradan dhawrka ah: Yakuna Amlak (1270-1285), Neway

Maryam (1372-1382), iyo Tewodros (1413-1414) lagu aaso

Kaniisadda Atronsa Maryam.

 

Dadka ree Ethiopia ee xukunka boqor Ba'eda Maryam ku

hoos noolaa waxay ku xamanjireen in uu wakhtigiisa

inta badan uu ku lumiyo fardafuulka oo uu aad u

jeclaa. Boqorku, Ba'eda, wuxuu markii danbe ku dooday

in fardafuulkiisan faraha badani uu yahay mid caada

ahaan kasoo jeedda Boqortooyada Ethiopia uuna ka

dhaxlay boqorraddii hore ee isaga xukunka kaga

horeeyey.

 

Boqor Ba'eda Maryam waxaa sidoo kale lagu tilmaamaa in

uu ku dhiiri geliyey dadka reer Ethiopia in ay

waxbeerashada xoogga saaraan, gaar ahaan liinta,

sonkorta, canabka iyo geedmiroodyo kale oo farabadan.

 

Boqorad Elena

 

Boqoraddan, Elena, waxay kamid ahayd xaasaskii boqor

Zara Yakob. Waxay ahayd inan uu dhalay boqorkii

Muslimiinta reer Dawaro ee iyagu markii danbe qaatay

diinta Kirishtanka kadib kolkii dhulkooda uu hoostagay

boqortooyada Ethiopia.

 

Haweenaydan waxay si kumeelgaar ah taajka boqortooyada

Ethiopia ugu haysay boqor Lebna Dengel oo isaga oo 7

sano jir ah aabihiis, boqor Na'od, lagu dilay dagaal

dhexmaray boqortyooyada Ethiopia iyo xoogaggii

Muslimiinta reer Zaylac ama Adal.

 

Dadka taariikhda boqortooyada Ethiopia wax ka qora

waxay ku tilmaamaan boqorad Elena in ay ahayd haweenay

caqligu aad ugu maaxay. Waxay durbaba xidhiidh la

samaysay Suldaan Maxamed Azir oo muddo ka badan 30

sano (1488-1518) katalinayey saldanaddii Muslimiinta

ee Adal. Waxay sidoo kale xidhiidh la samaysay

dawladdii Portugueseka iyadoo markaas dareemaysay in

boqortooyada Ethiopia ay ku soo fool-leedahay khatar

ballaaran oo kaga imaanaysay dhinaca bari, gaar ahaan

saldanaddii Zaylac.

 

Boqorad Elena waxay wafti ahaan ugu dirtay dawladdii

Portigueska nin Armenian ah oo lagu magacaabi jiray

Mateus. Waxaana sanadku markuu ahaa 1514kii uu

boqorkii Bortaqiisku, Manuel I uu ku qaabilay Lisbon,

oo ahayd xaruntii Bortaqiiska, waftigii boqoradda

Ethiopia. Wakhtigaas, waxay Boortagiisku dano muhiim

ah ka lahaayeen India, waxayna aad u soo dhaweeyeen

aragtida boqorad Elena.

 

Sanadkii 1520kii, oo ku beegnayd xilliyadii uu taajka

boqortooyada Ethiopia uu hayey boqor Lebna Dengel,

waxaa soo gaaray xeebta Musawac markab siday wafti

Portiguesku u soo diray boqortooyada Ethiopia. Waxaana

waftiga madax u ahaa Duarte Galvao oo ahaa safiirkii

dawladda Portiguesku u soo magacawday Ethiopia, si

taageero ballaran loogu fidiyo boqortooyada Erhiopia,

loogana taakuleeyo sidii ay uga guulaysanlahayd

Saldanaddii Muslimiinta ee Zaylac.

 

Book Note: Tribute to Imam Ahmed Gurey by the Author

of Futuh Al-Habasha, Shihab Al-Diin Ibn Ahmed Ibn

Abdulkadir Al-Jizani, Arab Fiqiih.

 

"Pay attention to me that I may recite to you at

length. All of you gather round me, to receive the

testimony ( to make it easy for you) And cast a glance

at my book entitled Futuh Al-Habasha effected by the

celebrated, glorious, high-minded, renowned fortunate

imam, whose equal one has never heard of, nor has

there ever been his like..... the triumphant king, the

glowing flame, the star of religion, from the stock of

the lords of the Mujahidiin.. .. the sultan, the imam

Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, the mujahid, the mooring cable."

 

(Futih Al-Habasha, by Shihab Al-diin Ibn Ahmed Ibn

Abdulkadir Al-jizani, P: 4-5, Published by Tsehai

publishers, Hollywood, CA)

 

 

Mujaahid Sh. Ibraahim

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