The Dukes HISTORY of Somalia: Copy Paste

[General Duke]

As we can not create our own timeline, here is the BBC's....

 

Timeline: Somalia

 

A chronology of key events:

600s - Arab tribes establish the sultanate of Adel on the Gulf of Aden coast.

 

 

Somali capital, Mogadishu, in more peaceful times

Emerged as Arab settlement in 10th century

Bought by Italy in 1905

Capital of independent Somalia from 1960

Estimated population: 1 million

800s - Somali people begin to migrate from Yemen.

 

1500s - Sultanate of Adel disintegrates into small states.

 

1875 - Egypt occupies towns on Somali coast and parts of the interior.

 

1860s - France acquires foothold on the Somali coast, later to become Djibouti.

 

1887 - Britain proclaims protectorate over Somaliland.

 

1888 - Anglo-French agreement defines boundary between Somali possessions of the two countries.

 

1889 - Italy sets up a protectorate in central Somalia, later consolidated with territory in the south ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar.

 

1925 - Territory east of the Jubba river detached from Kenya to become the westernmost part of the Italian protectorate.

 

1936 - Italian Somaliland combined with Somali-speaking parts of Ethiopia to form a province of Italian East Africa.

 

1940 - Italians occupy British Somaliland.

 

1941 - British occupy Italian Somalia.

[General Duke]

Adal

 

Adal was a sixteenth century sultanate located in East Africa north of Ethiopia, in modern Eritrea and Djibouti. At its height, the sultanate controlled large portions of Ethiopia and Somalia.

 

A previous Islamic state in the region, the Sultanate of Shewa, had been destroyed in the fourteenth century by the Ethiopian negus negust Amda Seyon. A smaller sultanate, the Sultanate of Ifat, controlled a few trading ports on the coast including Saylac and Adal in the following decades. In either 1403 or 1415, the Ethiopians invaded Ifat and defeated its armies under its sultan, Sa'ad ad-Din II, though they failed to maintain control over Adal itself.

 

In the mid-1520s, a fiery imam named Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (known as Ahmad Gran, the Left-Handed, to the Ethiopians) conquered the region of Adal and launched a holy war against Christian Ethiopia under the leadership of Lebna Dengel. Supplied by the Ottoman Empire firearms, Ahmad was able to defeat the Ethiopians at the Battle of Shimbra Kure in 1529 and seize control of the wealthy Ethiopian highlands, though the Ethiopians continued to resist from the Christian highlands. In 1541, the Portuguese, who had vested interests in the Indian Ocean, sent aid to the Ethiopians in the form of 400 musketeers; Adal, in response, received 900 from the Ottomans.

 

Ahmad was initially successful against the Ethiopians while campaigning in the fall of 1542, killing the Portuguese commander Christovão da Gama in August that year. Portuguese musketry proved decisive in Adal's defeat at the Battle of Wayna Daga, near Lake Tana, in February 1543, where Ahmad was killed in battle. The Ethiopians subsequently retook the Amhara plateau and recouped their losses against Adal; the Ottomans, who had their own troubles to deal with in the Mediterranean, were unable to help Ahmad's successors. In 1577, the capital of the Adal Sultanate was moved to Harar, and a sharp decline in Adal's power followed.

 

The migration of the pagan Oromo (called the Galla by the Amhara) into the Horn of Africa affected both Adal and Ethiopia. The warlike Oromo tribes exhausted the Ethiopians in the latter part of the sixteenth century in war, and the weakened Adal sultanate was unable to cope; by 1660, the sultanate had disappeared.

 

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adal"

[General Duke]

My personal hero, a man who started his campaign at 21 and acheived what few Generals do. The destruction of his mighty enemy and leaving his footprints in history.. There has been no notable biography of Imam Ahmed by the Somali's, while there exists a Yemeni accounts and even an Ethiopian works on this grand leader..

 

 

IMAM AHMED IBRAHIM AL GHAZI

 

Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi

 

Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c.1507 - February 21, 1543) was a Somali Imam and General who defeated several Ethiopian emperors and wreaked much damage on that nation. He is also known as Ahmad Gragn (or Gurey), "Ahmed the left-handed".

 

He was born near Zeila, a port city located in northwestern Somalia, and married Bati del Wambara, the daughter of governor Mahfuz of Zeila. When Mahfuz was killed returning from a campaign against the Ethiopian emperor Lebna Dengel in 1517, the Adal sultanate lapsed into anarchy for several years, until Imam Ahmad killed the last of the contenders for power and took control of Harar.

 

In retaliation for an attack on Adal in 1527-8 by the Ethiopian general Degalhan, Imam Ahmad invaded Ethiopia in 1529. Although his troops were fearful of their opponents, and attempted to desert upon news that the Ethiopian army was approaching, Imam Ahmad relied on his elite company armed with matchlocks, and defeated emperor Lebne Dengel at Shimbra Kure that March.1

 

Imam Ahmad campaigned again in Ethiopia in 1531, breaking Emperor Lebna Dengel's ability to resist in the Battle of Amba Sel on October 28, then marched north to loot the island monastery of Lake Hayq and the stone churches of Lalibela. When the Imam entered the province of Tigray, he defeated an Ethiopian army that confronted him there, and on reaching Axum destroyed the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, in which the Ethiopian emperors had been coronated for centuries.

 

The Ethiopians were forced to ask for help from the Portuguese, who landed at the port of Massawa on February 10, 1541 in the reign of the emperor Gelawdewos. This force was led by Christovão da Gama, and included 400 musketeers and a number of artisans and other non-combatants. Da Gama and Imam Ahmad met on April 1, 1542 at Jarte, which Trimingham has identified with Anasa, between Amba Alagi and Lake Ashenge.2 Here te Portuguese had their first glimpse of Ahmad, as recorded by Castanhoso:

 

While his camp was being pitched, the king of Zeila [imam Ahmad] acended a hill with several horse and some foot to examine us: he halted on the top with three hundred horse and three large banners, two white with red moons, and one red with a white moon, which always accompanied him, and which he was recognized.3

After the two unfamiliar armies exchanged messages then stared at each other for a few days, on April 4 da Gama formed his troops into an infantry square, and marched against the Imam's lines, repelling successive waves of attacks with their muskets and cannons. This battle ended when Imam Ahmad was wounded in the leg by a chance shot, and seeing his banners signal retreat, the Portuguese and their Ethiopian allies fell upon the disorganized Muslims, who suffered losses but managed to reform next to the river on the distant side.

 

Over the next several days, Imam Ahmad was reinforced by new arrivals of troops, and understanding the need to act swiftly on April 16 da Gama again formed a square which he led against Imam Ahmad's camp. Although the Muslims fought with more determination than two weeks before -- their horse almost broke the Portuguese square -- an opportune explosion of some gunpowder tramatized the horses on the Imam's side, and his army fled in disorder. Castanhoso laments that "the victory would have been complete this day had we only one hundred horses to finish it: for the King was carried on men's shoulders in a bed, accompanied by horsemen, and they fled in no order."4

 

Reinforced by the arrival of the Bahr Negash Yishaq, da Gama marched south after Imam Ahmad's force, reaching sight of him ten days later. However, the onset of the rainy season prevented da Gama from engaging Ahmad a third time, and on the advice of Queen Sabla Wengel made a winter camp at Wafla near Lake Ashenge, within sight of his opponent.5

 

Knowing that victory lay in the number of firearms an army had, the Imam sent to his fellow Muslims for help. According to Abbé Joachim le Grand, Imam Ahmad received 2000 musketeers from Arabia, and artillery and 900 picked men from the Ottomans to assist him. Meanwhile, due to casualties and other duties, da Gama's force was reduced to 300 musketeers. After the rains ended, Imam Ahmad attacked the Portuguese camp, and through weight of numbers killed all but 140 of da Gama's troops. Da Gama, badly wounded, was captured with ten of his men and, after refusing an offer of converting to Islam in return for his life, was executed.6

 

The survivors and Galawedos were afterwards able to join forces and, drawing on the Portuguese supplies, they attacked Ahmad on February 21, 1543 in the Battle of Wayna Daga, where their 9,000 troops managed to defeat the 15,000 soldiers under Imam Ahmad. The Imam was killed by a Portuguese musketteer, who was mortally wounded in avenging da Gama's death.

 

His wife Bati del Wambara managed to escape the battlefield with a remnant of the Turkish soldiers to Harar, where she rallied his followers. She agreed to marry his nephew Nur ibn Mujahid on the condition that Nur would avenge Imam Ahmad's defeat.

 

"In Ethiopia the damage which [Ahmad] Gragn did has never been forgotten," wrote Paul B. Henze. "Every Christian highlander still hears tales of Gragn in his childhood. Haile Selassie referred to him in his memoirs. I have often had villagers in northern Ethiopia point out sites of towns, forts, churches and monasteries destroyed by Gragn as if these catastrophes had occurred only yesterday."7 While acknowledging that many modern Somali nationalists consider Ahmad a national hero, Henze dismisses their claims, stating that the concept of a Somali nation did not exist during Ahmad's lifetime.

[Yoonis_Cadue]

HISTORY MUST BE TOLD! PLEASE DO NOT DELETE IT AS I DID NOT POST ANYTHING OFFENSIVE OR DEEMED CONTROVERSIAL! THANK YOU FOR YOU CONSIDERATION'S AND UNDERSTANDING!

 

GOORTII DHULKAYAGII LA QEYBSADAY!

 

Casharka I-aad

 

Adeer ! waxaad ogaataa in baduhu ay yihiin xuduud dabiici ah oo u dhexeeya umadaha dunida ku nool. Waa teet eeyan a tallaabi karin kuwa aanan aqoon u lahayn adeegsigeeda. Isla markaas waa irido u furan oo ay caalamka kala xiriiraan dadyowga garashada u leh adeega gaadiidka biyaha. Geeska Afrika wuxuu ku yaal meel dunida u dhexaysa, isla markaasna xeeb dheer ku leh labo badood oo caalami ah (badda Cas iyo bad-waynta Hindiya). Sidaa darteed ayaa degaanku goor hore wuxuu kamid noqday baraha kulmiya dhaqdhaqaaqyada ganacsiga dunida. Geeska Afrika waxaa xiiseeyay dhamaan mammulladii abuuray wixii ilbaxnimo ahaa ee dunida soo maray. Sababaha loo xiisaynayay, adeerow, waxay isugu jireen mid diineed, mid dhaqaale iyo mid siyaasadeed. Maamulladii boqortooyadii reer Fircoon ee ka jiray dalka Masar muddo 5.000 oo sano horteed ayaa iman jiray geeska Afrika iyaga oo gobollada waqooyi-bari ka guran jiray mydiga. Magaca ay degaanka u yiqiineen wuxuu ahaa Dhulkii Uduga Puntland.

 

Adeer ! dadyowgii ahaa Giriigii hore ayaa iyaguna kamid ahaa dadka socdaalada ku iman jiray dhulkayaga. Magaca ay degaanka u yiqiineen wuxuu ahaa Geeska The Horn. Dadka degaanka ku noolaana waxay u yiqiineen Breber. Adeerow waxaad ogaataa in magaca magaalada Berbera uu yahay raadka keliya oo ka haray magacii loo yiqiin dadkeenii hore. Magaalada Xamar ayaa iyana ah degmo ku xusan qoraalada taariikheed ee laga dhaxlay dadkii hore. 1000 sano horeetd, magaaladu waxay kamid ahayd degmooyinka ku yaal bad-waynta Hindiya kuwoodii ugu camirnaa. Magaca Geeska wuxuu ku xusan yahay qoraalladii ay ka tageen dal-mareenadii Giriiga ahaa ee iman jiray geeska Afrika. Waxaa kamid ah qoraal lagu magacaabo The Periplus of Erythrean Sea, kaas oo uu dhigay nin bad-mareen ahaa markay taariikhdu ahayd 60 sano c.d.

 

Adeer ! bad-mareeno iyo ganacsato Shiinees ah ayaa kamid ahaa dadka xilliga hore socdaalada ku yimid geeska Afrika. Xilliyada uu socdaalkooda ku beegnaa waa qarnigii 8-aad, kii 12-aad iyo kii 13-aad. Qoraaladii ay raggaasi ka tageen waxay ku xuseen in dadkeenii hore ee degganaa Geeska ay ahaayeen dad xoolo-dhaqato ah.

 

Bartamihii qarnigii 8-aad, ganacsato isugu jira Carab iyo Beershiyaan ayaa waxay soo degeen degmooyinka xeebta ah ee ku yaal koonfurta Soomaaliya (Xamar, Marka iyo Baraawe).

 

Adeer ! markii ay diinta Islaamku soo if-baxday oo ay Carabtii badowda ahayd noqdeen kuwo hoggaamiya ilbaxnimadii adduunka, waxaa bilaabatay in dal-mareenadii carbeed ay si joogto ah u yimaadaan geeska Afrika, wax badana ay ka qoraan. Adeerow ! ragga socdaaladaas ka dhex muuqda waxaa kamid ah :

 

1. Al-Yacquubi wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika qarnigii 9-aad.

 

2. Al-Mascuudi wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 933-kii c.d.

 

3. Al-Istakhri wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 960-kii c.d.

 

4. Ibnu-Howgal wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 977-kii c.d.

 

5. Al-Baruuni wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1030-kii c.d.

 

6. Al-Idriisi wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1154-kii c.d.

 

7. Al-Yaaquuti wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1226-kii c.d.

 

8. Ibnu-Batuuta wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1331-kii c.d.

 

9. Al-Haaruuni wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1334-kii c.d.

 

10. Ibnu-Siciid wuxuu soo booqday geeska Afrika sanadkii 1344-kii c.d.

 

Waxaa kale oo jiray nin eeyan taariikhdu magaciisu xusin, kaas oo geeska Afrika ka qoray buug uu ku magacaabay Kitaab Al-Sinji.

 

Adeer ! dhul-mareenka la yiraahdo Ibnu-Siciid oo sanadkii 1344-kii wax ka qoray noloshii dadkeenii ku noolaa geeska Afrika, wuxuu xusay magac kamid ah magacyada odeyada ay ku ab-tirsadaan qaar kamid ah beelaha soomaaliyeed. Dal-mareenkaasi wuxuu tilmaamay in koonfurta Soomaaliya ay degganaayeen bulsho-wayn xoolo-dhaqato ah, kuwaas oo magacooda la yiraahdo {Hawiyaha}. Marka degaanka baadiyaha laga reebo, qoraagu wuxuu sheegay in dadkaasi ay ku noolaayeen tuulooyin ay tiradoodu gaarayso konton tuulo, kuwaas oo degmada Marka ay magaalo-madax u ahayd.

 

Adeer ! Ibnu-Batuuta oo booqashadiisii ay 13 sano ka dambeysay tii Ibnu-Siciid ayaa wuxuu booqday degmooyinka Saylac iyo Xamar. Qoraalkiisii wuxuu ku xusay noloshii dadkeenii ku noolaa degaamadaas, kuwaas oo uu ku magacaabay Berber. Afka ay ku hadlayeena wuxuu yiri waa af-berber. Adeerow ! halkaas waxaa ka muuqata in dadkayaga soomaalida ahi ay goor hore ahaayeen dad af- iyo dhaqan-wadaaga.

 

Adeerow waxaad ogaataa in qarnigii 15-aad iyo kii 16-aad ay geeska Afrika ka unkameen ilbaxnimo ay hor-mood u ahayd maamulkii boqortooyadii ay dhiseen dadkayagii reer Awdal. Maamulka saldanadaas waxaa degaan u ahaa dhulka u dhexeeya degmooyinka Saylac iyo Harar. Waxay soo gaarsiisnayd illaa dhulka Howdka ah ee degaanka Jigjiga. Saylac waxay ahayd magaalo camiran oo dekad leh. Waxaa laga dhoofin jiray hargaha iyo xabagta. Waxaa jiray colaado si joogto ah, reer Awdal kaga imanayay dhanka boqortooyadii reer Tigray oo saldhiggeedu ahaa degmada Oksum. Arintaasi waxay markasta sabab u noqonaysay dagaalo dhexmara ciidamada labada maamul. Sanadkii 1420-kii, dagaal ay Tigreygu ku jebiyeen ciidamadii soomaalida ayaa boqorkii Tigrayga Negash Yeshaq (1414 - 1429) wuxuu ka tiriyay gabay uu ku tilmaamayay guusha wayn ee uu helay. Gabaygiisaas waxaa kamid ahaa meel uu ku tilmaamayo in uu soomaalidii ka adkaaday. Gabaygaas waa raadka ugu da´da wayn ee uu magaca Soomaali ku xusan yahay. Sheekadan waa mid taariikhda soomaalida xiiso gaar ah u leh. Waayo waxay muujinaysaa in soomaalidu eeyan ahayn qowmiyad goor dambe ku soo biirtay dadyowgii degganaa geeska Afrika, bal ay yihiin qowmiyad da´ wayn oo raad hore ku leh degaanka.

 

Adeer ! qarnigii 14-aad iyo kii 15-aad waxaa si muuqata u kordhay xiriirkii ganacsi ee caalamka, kaas oo dadyowga dunida ku nool ay isku dhaafsanayeen waxyaabaha nolosha loo kaashado. Dadyowga reer Yurub waxay aad ugu baahdeen waxyaabaha raashinka lagu maceeyo, lagu dhanaaniyo, lagu carfiyo iyo kuwa lagu kaydiyo sida sokorta, cusbada, xawaajiga iyo filfisha. Waxaa kale oo ay u baahdeen waxyaabaha maanka dooriya iyaga oo ay u adeegsanayeen daawo ahaan. Waxaa kale oo ganacsatada reer Yurub ay xilligaas qiimaynayeen cudbiga. Waxyaabhaas oo laga heli jiray qaaradaha Afrika iyo Aasiya ayaa waxay kalliftay in ay socodoodii iyo socdaalladoodiiba ay ku bataan waddadii la oran jiray Waddadii Xariirta The Silk Road. Adeerow ogow oo waddadaasi waxay isku xiri jidhay deegaamadii laga curiyay ilbaxnimada dunida ka jirtay sida dhulka Shiinaha, Hindiya, Beershiya, Carabta, waqooyiga Afrika iy! ! o Yurub. Dadyowgii Carabta oo xilligaas lahaa ilbaxnimo hanaqaad ah oo ay ka dhaxleen diinta Islaamka ayaa waxay ahaayeen kuwa gacanta ku hayay meelaha ugu muhiimsanaa oo ay waddadaasi mareysay. Bad-waynta Hindiya oo ahayd fagaare qiimo gaar ah u lahayd ganacsiga lays dhaafsanayay ayaa ganacsatada carabeed waxay ahaayeen kuwo kaga gacan sareeyay umadaha kale.

 

Adeer ! Soomaalidu xilligaas waxay kamid ahaayeen dadyowgii camiray dhaqdhaqaaqii ganacsiga ee ka socdaydegaanka bad-waynta Hindiya. Degmooyinka Saylac, Xaafuun, Baraawe iyo Xamar ayaa kamid ahaa meelaha laga yiqiin caalamkii ganacsiga ee qarniyadii dhexe. Waxaa xusid mudan in waxyaabaha Yurub loo dhoofin jiray xilliyadaas, in kala bar ka badan ay ahayd cusbada. Meelaha ay ka qaadan jireena waxaa kamid ahayd degmada Xaafuun oo ganacsigeeda uu si toos ah ugu xirnaa magaalada Xims ee ku taal Shaam (Suuriya), taas oo ku tiil qalbigii Waddadii Xariirta.

 

Dabayaaqadii qarnigii 15-aad iyo bilowgii kii 16-aad, dhaqdhaqaaqii ganacsiga ee ka socday bad-waynta Hindiya waxaa ku soo biiray dowladihii Burtuqiiska iyo Isbaanishka, kuwaas oo jebiyay gacan sarayntii ay carabtu ku lahaayeen badwaynta Hindiya. Arintaasi, adeerow, waxay ka dambaysay markii ay degaanka u soo direen doonyo badan oo ciidamo hub casri ah sita ay saaraayeen. Kuwaas oo dagaalo ku qaaday degmooyin badan ee ku yiil xeebaha badwaynta Hindiya. Duulaamadaas, Soomaaliya, waxay soo gaareen sanadkii 1506-dii, markaas oo ciidamo Burtuqiis ah ay soo weerareen degmooyin ku yiil xeebaha koonfureed ee Soomaaliya. Ciidamadaas oo tiradoodu dhamayd 6000 oo nin ayaa la socday doonyo, waxayna siteen hub casri ah. Magaalooyin badan oo bariga Afrika ku yaal ayay ciidamadaas horay u soo mareen oo ay soo gubeen, dadkoodiina ay qaxiyeen. Markii ay soo gaareen degmada Baraawe, dagaal adag oo eeyan horay u arag ayay kala kulmeen dadkeenii halkaas ku noolaa. Nin la yiraahdo Copland oo taariikhdan wax ka qoray ayaa tilmaamay sidaas. Adeerow qoraalkiisii waxaa kamid ahaa sidatan :

 

 

" Difaacoodu (Soomaalidii) wuxuu ahaa mid caniid ah (qallafsan). Sidaa darteed baa Burtuqiiskii waxaa laga dilay tiro ka badan, 40 nin oo ciidamadoodii kamid ahaa ayaa ku naf waayay, waxaana laga dhaawacay 60 nin. Markaas dabadeed bay magaaladii gacan-gashay. Ciidamada soo duulay, waxay magaaladii ka yeeleen sidii magaaladii Mombaasa oo kale oo inta ay burburiyeen bay gubeen. Dabadeed waxay u gudbeen magaalada Muqdisha, oo sida la´ogyahay ahayd magaalada ugu camiran ugu hanti badan uguna ciidan badan degmooyinkii ku yiil bariga Afrika ".

[Gabbal]

All that is available in the net. One search on Google can display, so what is the objective for this sudden infatuation with a history section may I ask?

[axmed_fiqi]

I strongly dis agree that somalis "migrated" from the arabian pennensula. Somalis are people of cushitic origin, They migrated from lake tana before the axumites pushed the south.

 

 

Actuall history does not have to be acording to what myth says.

[Gabbal]

^Do you know there is no such thing as a Cushitic race, ethnicity, culture, or homeland? It is a linguistic classification and one that is under extreme scrutiny as of late. The Cushitic hypothesis is not "history", but a theory borne as a result of linguistic (non)-affiliation.

[J.Lee]

^Vous êtes un uptstart, frère du mien. Mendier leur pardon ; rétracter la déclaration. Avant que vous êtes ayez placé dans le fosse de "Redondance"

 

Duke, very informative.

[General Duke]

Actuall history does not have to be acording to what myth says.

Exactly, my point of this whole thread is that the history online is mostly garbage or at best not accurate. For example Somali's came from Arabia is a clanistic myth which has not been proven.

 

We need to collect and research our own history. Who are the Somali's?